Coal Power Dynamic: The Double Effect Principle on Indonesian Energy Policy Legitimation

Abstract

The year 2020 marked a significant moment for Indonesia with the controversial removal of “fly ash and bottom ash” (FABA) as toxic substances from its hazardous waste lists associated with coal burning. The conflicts arising from coal burning encompass socio-ecological, economic, health, and injustice issues. These issues include the destruction of ecosystems, health problems, and economic inequality from business-as-usual impacts. As a major user and producer of coal power plants, Indonesia typically prioritizes cost-efficiency. However, it often overlooks the negative externalities of consumption as undesirable effects. This problem is compounded by policies aimed at promoting coal production, resulting in an annual production of 10-15 million tons of less-managed FABA. This article reviews the “double effect” principle and analyzes government discourses and policies related to environmental protection and management through the “grammar of legitimation”. It explores how these policies are connected to the growing negative consequences associated with coal-fired operations. Additionally, it delves into the escalating conflicts surrounding the coal-fired issue, which tend to generate cascading effects due to the government's “excess tolerance.” An evaluation of socio-ecological management is imperative to prevent gradual and sudden-onset adverse effects, including climate crisis risks and unsustainable development.