International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews

The Future of Digital Marketing: What Lies Ahead?

Pongsiri Kamkankaew — 2025-03-01

Background and Aim: Digital marketing has rapidly evolved into a critical component of contemporary business strategies, driven by technological advancements and shifting consumer behaviors. This review article aims to explore the future trajectory of digital marketing, focusing on emerging trends, challenges, and the integration of innovative technologies that are likely to shape the field in the coming years.

Materials and Methods: This review synthesizes recent research and industry reports to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of digital marketing. It examines key developments such as the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), the impact of immersive technologies like augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), and the increasing importance of data privacy regulations. The methodology involves a critical review of literature and case studies to identify patterns, opportunities, and potential obstacles in the future of digital marketing.

Results: The findings highlight several transformative trends, including the growing reliance on AI and ML for personalized marketing strategies, the rise of AR and VR in creating immersive consumer experiences, and the increasing emphasis on ethical marketing practices in response to stringent data privacy laws. Additionally, the review identifies challenges such as maintaining brand authenticity in a saturated digital environment and adapting to rapid technological changes.

Conclusion: The future of digital marketing will be shaped by the continued integration of advanced technologies, the evolving regulatory landscape, and the need for brands to remain agile and authentic in their interactions with consumers. To thrive in this dynamic environment, marketers must embrace innovation while prioritizing transparency and consumer trust.

Effectiveness Study of Applying Earmaster for Ear Training in Chinese University Students

An Lingjie — 2025-03-01

Background and Aims: Although the use of technology integration in music education in China has gradually increased, there is still a lack of empirical evidence on the use of educational technology, particularly digital tools, in auditory training. Traditional auditory training methods, such as manual practice guided by a piano or teachers, had some educational value; however, in large-scale classroom settings, they were frequently hampered by individual differences, time constraints, and insufficient teaching resources, making it difficult to meet students' individualized learning needs, particularly in key areas such as pitch recognition, rhythm perception, and timbre discrimination. As a result, understanding how to use modern educational technology to improve the effectiveness of auditory training and close this gap was critical for practical purposes. Against this backdrop, this study innovatively integrated Earmaster, a digital tool specifically designed for music education, into auditory training courses at Chinese universities, to investigate its effectiveness in improving students' auditory skills. By providing personalized practice plans and instant feedback, Earmaster effectively addressed issues in traditional teaching methods caused by resource constraints or individual differences. This study used constructivist learning theory to discuss how to use Earmaster to help students improve their pitch recognition, rhythm perception, and timbre discrimination skills. This not only improved empirical research on technology in music education but also provided theoretical foundations and practical references for future educational technology applications.

Materials and Methods: This study adopts a quasi-experimental approach. The researchers selected a total of 67 first-year music students from a university in Fujian. After classifying the students according to the school's class capacity, they were divided into Music Class 1 (34 students) and Music Class 2 (33 students). Class 1 served as the control group, while Class 2 was the experimental group. The entire experiment lasted 10 weeks, with two classes per week, each lasting 90 minutes. In the first week, students were introduced to the experiment, the teaching methods, and the content. All 67 students took a pre-test to assess their actual musical abilities. Starting from the second week, the two groups underwent 8 weeks of training with the same teaching content. Music Class 1 followed traditional teaching methods, while Music Class 2 received instruction using the Earmaster software. Classroom exercises and homework were also conducted using Earmaster. In the tenth week, a post-test was conducted. The researchers compiled and analyzed the process data and post-test results, comparing the changes between the pre-test and post-test.

Results: This study integrated the digital tool Earmaster into auditory training courses at Chinese universities and demonstrated its efficacy in improving students' auditory skills. The findings revealed that after a structured intervention with Earmaster, students' performance in pitch recognition, rhythm perception, and timbre discrimination improved significantly. Earmaster addressed the issues caused by resource limitations and individual differences in large-scale classroom settings more effectively than traditional auditory training methods, using personalized exercises and instant feedback. This study not only addressed an empirical gap in the use of educational technology in auditory training, but it also provided theoretical foundations and practical references for the future use of digital tools in music education.

Conclusion: This study found that the digital tool Earmaster significantly improved students' auditory skills compared to traditional methods. It provided both empirical evidence and practical insights into the future use of digital tools in music education.

A Study on the Construction of Competency Model for Student Cadres in Chinese Private Universities

Cen Ding — 2025-03-01

Background and Aim: The rapid development of private higher education in China has led to the establishment of 3,072 higher education institutions nationwide as of June 15, 2023, with 785 private institutions, accounting for 27.84% of all regular higher education institutions. Private universities in China generally face a shortage of counselors, making them heavily reliant on the management assistance of student cadres. However, students in private universities differ significantly from those in public universities in terms of learning ability and family background, making it especially important to enhance the competencies of student cadres. A review of existing research reveals a significant gap in studies focused on the competencies of student cadres in private universities. This study aims to construct a competency model for student cadres in private universities, providing theoretical and practical guidance for their selection, training, and development.

Materials and Methods: The study employs methods such as literature analysis, behavioral event interviews, Delphi expert consultation, and questionnaire surveys. Through literature and comparative analysis, the research examines competency theory and the research findings on student cadre competencies. Thirty student cadres were interviewed using the behavioral event interview method, and consultations were conducted with 12 experts in private education student affairs to identify and categorize competency elements and dimensions. The constructed model was then validated through a survey of 302 questionnaires.

Results: Four main dimensions were identified: political integrity, working attitude, working ability, and personality trait, with a total of 17 specific elements. A layered and dynamic "compass-shaped" competency model was constructed, illustrating the composition of student cadre competencies.

Conclusion: From a theoretical perspective, this model not only provides new insights into the theory of student cadre competencies but also integrates the study of student cadre competencies with ideological and political education in higher education institutions, fostering theoretical innovation and development in both areas. From a practical standpoint, the model offers a scientific basis for the selection, training, and evaluation of student cadres, contributing to the enhancement of their overall quality and working ability.

The Current Condition Desired Conditions and Requirements to Develop Management Strategies to Fulfill the Quality of Graduate Study Programs in Guangzhou Sport University

Yong Liu — 2025-03-01

Background and Aim: In the process of cultivating high-level application-oriented sports professionals in the fields of physical education, sports training, sports competition organization and management, and mass sports and fitness guidance, problems such as low quality, little difference, and lack of outstanding characteristics have seriously restricted the rapid development of China's sports industry. This research aims to study the current conditions, desired conditions, and requirements needed to develop management strategies to fulfill the quality of graduate study programs at Guangzhou Sports University.

Materials and Methods: The population of this research was 230 people, including faculty administrators, instructors, and curriculum coordinators at Guangzhou Sports University. Through proportional stratified sampling, 160 people were selected as a sample group. The research comprises two phases: Phase 1 involves assessing the appropriateness of components and indicators, as well as evaluating the current situation and desired conditions of the management strategies to fulfill the quality of the graduate study programs at the university. This phase utilizes a proportional scale with 5 levels. Phase 2 focuses on assessing the components of management strategies using the same 5-level proportional scale. Statistical analysis involves measures such as mean, standard deviation, variance, and the need index for adjustments.

Results: The research results found that 1) the components and indicators of the management strategies to fulfill the quality of the graduate study program at Guangzhou Sport University are highly suitable. Overall, all three aspects are deemed highly appropriate, with an average score of 4.71. When examining the individual components, it is found that controlling and evaluating strategies rank highest with an average score of 4.75, followed by strategy determination at 4.69, and strategy implementation at 4.68. 2) The assessment of the current situation and desired conditions of the management strategies to fulfill the quality of the graduate study programs at the university indicates that the current situation is generally rated highly, with an average score of 3.82. Conversely, the desired conditions are rated the highest, with an average score of 4.66. When broken down by aspect, it is observed that the current situation and desired conditions for each aspect are highly rated, with average scores ranging from 3.80 to 4.63.

Conclusion: The key components of management strategies to fulfill the quality of the graduate study program at Guangzhou Sport University consisted of (1) strategy determination, (2) strategy implementation, and (3) controlling and evaluating strategies.

Developing Physical Education Program Based on Contractual Learning to Enhance Physical Fitness and Mental Health in Medical University Students

Runyi Jiao — 2025-03-01

Background and Aims: The research on contract teaching mode is a reflection on the distribution of learning responsibilities between teachers and students in physical education classroom teaching. Give full play to the students' subjective position in learning, stimulate students' subjective initiative, and encourage students to participate in teaching. The objective of this study is to develop a physical education program based on contractual learning to enhance the physical health and mental health of students at the University of Chinese Medicine (GZUCM).

Methodology: Among 1500 college males and females aged between 18-19 years old students in the second year of the public physical education course at Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, a sample size of 30 subjects was determined by GPOWER calculations to carry out a teaching experiment. Using the Delphi questionnaire to formulate the content of the physical education curriculum, signing a contract with students to execute the training plan, starting an 8-week experimental implementation, testing students' physical health before the experiment and after every 2 weeks of training, and testing their mental health before and after the experiment, collating and analyzing the results by software package use the one-way repeated-measures ANOVA for analyze the results, and deriving the effects of the physical education curriculum on the change factors of physical health and mental health of college students.

Conclusion: the curriculum developed by the contractual learning method can improve the physical health as well as the mental health of college students. The contractual learning approach to physical education is practical and effective and can be promoted and used.

Effect of Added Functional Training into Basketball Program for Primary School Students

Yundi Duan — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: After the investigation found that the current stage of elementary school basketball teaching only teaches basketball skills, while ignoring the training of fitness, related research verifies that functional training can better practice fitness, while fitness has a key role in basketball skills, so it is especially important to join functional training. Related studies have also proved that after functional training, basketball skills and fitness greatly improved. Therefore, this paper proves that functional training is more effective by adding functional training to the basketball program for primary school students.

Materials and Methods: This paper is a quasi-experimental study with a sample of 30 people divided into an experimental and control group of 15 people each. The experiment has eight weeks, three times a week training, training times are Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, each training time 60 minutes. Before the formal experiment, the functional training program IOC test and Try Out, record the basic information of the physical characteristics of the experimental group, the control group, and the data of the experimental group, the control group of the basketball test and fitness test, and calculate the mean and standard deviation of the data through statistical software. Comparison between the experimental group and control group before the experiment was done by t-test, and comparison between the experimental group and control group after the experiment was done by t-test for basketball skill test and fitness test, and one-way ANOVA repeated test and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for basketball skill test and fitness test within the experimental group, and the significance level was 0.05.

Results: (1) The t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the test results of the experimental group and the control group in the pre-test, but there was no significant difference in the post-test, and the test results of the experimental group were better than those of the control group in the post-test. (2) ANOVA shows a significant difference between the test results of the experimental group in the pretest-posttest, and the improvement in the experimental group's performance is better than that of the control group.

Conclusion: After the experiment, the basketball skills and fitness of the experimental and control groups improved, but the experimental group improved better than the control group.

Beliefs and Attitudes of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners Towards Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Approach

Alvin Gueco Datugan — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has emerged as one of the outstanding approaches in language education, emphasizing interaction and practical communication. To perform well, one must be actively involved, regularly given feedback, and well-informed. In some cases, language learning has to be experienced authentically to be able to familiarize and fully perform it. This study explores the beliefs and attitudes of first-year EFL students of Nakhon Phanom University, Thailand towards the CLT approach, providing insights into its effectiveness and acceptance among new learners. Understanding these perceptions is critical for enhancing language instruction and fostering a more engaging learning environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and attitudes of EFL learners and to find out if there is a significant relationship between the learners' beliefs and the attitude of the EFL learners towards the CLT approach.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive correlative research design. The data collection took place at Nakhon University, Thailand. The respondents of this study were first-year education students from the English Department. A survey questionnaire through Google Forms was used to gather the data. For data analysis, mean, frequency distribution, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) were employed.

Results: Findings indicated that EFL learners recognized the application of the CLT approach in the class which is similar to their attitude towards the CLT approach that garnered a moderate response of “agree”. The moderate results imply that there is still room for improvement. The study found a positive correlation that proved the significant relationship between the beliefs and attitudes of the EFL learners towards the CLT approach at a 0.5 significance level. The result of the study aligned with the study of Mehta, N.K. (2015) stating that integrating the CLT approach in language teaching encourages language learners to learn better. In addition, the CLT approach plays an integral part in the language learning process. Furthermore, beliefs and attitudes are the main indicators in language learning; however, due to limited variables, future researchers can go further on other factors relating to the CLT approach.

Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that to make CLT even more effective, EFL teachers should integrate the activities in the classroom with real-life communication, making learning more engaging and enjoyable for students.

Exploring the Artistic Representation of the Chinese National Spirit in Zhang Zhao's Piano Work "Ballade - Singing the Little Cowboy"

ZiHeng Huang — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: This study explores the life and works of Zhang Zhao, analyzes the compositional techniques of his modern national piano piece "Ballade - Singing the Young Cowherd," and investigates the manifestation of the Chinese national spirit in Zhang Zhao's modern national piano works. This can enrich people's understanding of the Chinese national spirit and provide new ideas for inheriting the Chinese national spirit and strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community.

Materials and Methods: The literature research method involves consulting, analyzing, and integrating documents based on specific research objectives and topics to understand the current state of the research field and identify better research paths. The work analysis method involves collecting examples of works and analyzing aspects such as their form structure, harmonic texture, rhythm expression, and thematic variations, ultimately extracting the compositional techniques and elements of national style characteristics. This study will provide a detailed analysis and summarization of the characteristic entries of national music elements based on a broad review of relevant literature and examples of works from both domestic and international sources, offering references for further research.

Results: Through the analysis of the work "Ballad - Singing the Little Cowherd," it is found that Zhang Zhao cleverly integrates elements of traditional Chinese music with Western musical structures, not only showcasing his profound musical skills but also inheriting and promoting the cultural essence of the Chinese nation. It reveals the innovative, patriotic, inclusive, harmonious, and resilient spirit embedded in the work.

Conclusion: The modern national piano work "Ballade - Singing of the Little Cowherd Wang" by Zhang Zhao, with its unique artistic style and profound historical and cultural connotations, demonstrates the indomitable and hard-working spirit of the Chinese nation. This is not only an innovative interpretation of music but also an inheritance and promotion of the Chinese national spirit.

Developing a Management Model to Promote Promote the “Wushu into Campus Policy” for Middle Schools in Guangdong Province, the People’s Republic of China

Zhaowei Li — 2025-03-02

Background and Aims: The "Wushu into campus" policy is an important way to inherit and develop the excellent traditional Chinese culture, but its basic conditions and implementation path need to be further studied. There are some practical problems in all schools in Wushu education, such as conservative concepts, non-standardized teaching content, simple teaching methods, insufficient teaching conditions such as on-site teachers, cooperation from parents or organizations outside the school, and lack of assessment and evaluation methods. The purpose of this study was to develop the management model to promote the “wushu into campus policy” for middle schools in Guangdong province.

Methodology: This study was a mixed method that combines quantitative and qualitative research. Survey problems related to Wushu in campus policy in middle schools during the current situation the researcher will use a total of 399 questionnaires for school directors and Wushu teachers in 5 middle schools from each city in Guangdong province. And the questionnaire validity will be tested for IOC by 5 experts (IOC = 0.88-0.95). A total of 9 experts were used to interview experts to find ways to develop a management model. The two-round Delphi method will involve a total of 19 experts. Connoisseurship method using 7 experts to confirm the management model.

Conclusion: The problem and current situation on the “wushu into campus policy” for middle schools in Guangdong province. It was found that the average level of problems in planning, organizing, and controlling components was high (X̅ ≥ 3.53). However, the average level of the problem on the leading component was medium (X̅ = 3.50). By creating a management model to promote the “wushu into campus policy” for middle schools in Guangdong province using the POLC theory, the elements in each area can be summarized as follows: The planning component consists of 17 components, the organizing component has 10 components, the leading component has 15 components and the controlling component has 13 components.

Development Guidelines to Promote Youth in Schools of Henan Province, the People’s Republic of China

Pengbo Zhang — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: Youth boxing is a high-intensity, full-body confrontational sport that promotes blood circulation and metabolism and focuses on the coordination of body parts. Youth boxing will result in more stable joint development, improved muscle function, and improved muscle contraction, responsiveness, and tolerance; therefore, boxing is highly beneficial to the development of youth's physical health. The purpose of this study is to guide the promotion of youth boxing sports schools.

Materials and Methods: This study is a survey-type, qualitative research. The questionnaire was set up for distribution, and the researchers set up the questionnaire based on the POLC theory, and the sample groups were three groups: the first group was 80 school administrators with excellent school sports development in Henan Province, the second group was 20 directors of municipal boxing associations in Henan Province, and the third group was 80 sports coaches with excellent school sports development in Henan Province, and the data of the above three groups was collected and analyzed and statistically formed initially into a draft of the promotion of youth boxing sports schools in Henan Province, and then expert appraisal was conducted. The draft of the promotion of boxing schools was analyzed and statistically analyzed to form a preliminary draft of the promotion of youth boxing schools in Henan Province, and then expert appraisal was carried out by a group of experts consisting of 6 experts from Henan Heavy Athletics Sports Management Center and 20 directors of municipal and boxing associations in Henan Province to evaluate the draft and to obtain a high-quality final strategy that can be practically used.

Results: The results of the study found that: after the consulting survey 50 strategy proposals were evaluated and screened with the opinion of experts. Twenty-two strategies were obtained that were qualitatively and efficiently used in practice, including 6 Planning Strategies, 5 Organizational Strategies, 6 Leading, and 6 Controlling All strategies were accepted by the Group of Experts.

Conclusion: Following expert evaluation, the study concluded that 22 strategies, including Planning, Organizational, Leading, and Controlling, had been identified and successfully implemented in practice. The Group of Experts approved all strategies.

Development of Ba Duan Jin in General Physical Education for Female University Students

Li Zhang — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: Higher education was responsible for cultivating talent cultivation, scientific research, social service, inheritance and innovation, and international exchange and cooperation. It was also a core principle and key work content that was jointly recognized by international organizations and the Chinese Ministry of Education. The opening of the Health Qigong Ba Duan Jin course at the core quality level, it did not only cultivated college students' dignified body shape and good movement coordination ability, so that college students' limbs become more upright, flexible, and soft, but also cultivated college students' firm will quality and comprehensive learning ability; in the design of the curriculum, it not only makes the physical education course curriculum richer, but also receives a better effect in cultivating the comprehensive ability of college students. These research objectives were 1) To develop Ba Duan Jin teaching program for general physical education courses of general physical education for female university students. 2) To identify the appropriate teaching methods and contents for teaching and learning Ba Duan Jin in general physical education for female university students. 3) To set an experiment on the developed Ba Duan Jin teaching program in general physical education for female university students, and to compare the effectiveness between the effective output of the developed Ba Duan Jin teaching program and the Traditional Health Qigong program on, 1) physical health 2) Ba Duan Jin skills and 3) general competencies.

Materials and Methods: The population of this research was first-year university students in the second semester of the academic year 2023 at Guilin Tourism University. They were registered in the Health Qigong in general physical education course of general education. The teaching program was developed and experimented with through a two-group pretest-posttest design with 30 students of first-year students in each group. The experimental group was taught with the developed Ba Duan Jin teaching program and the control group was taught with the traditional health qigong program. The research operated for 12 weeks, three days a week with one and a half hours a day. The paired t-test was used to analyze data within the group and the independent t-test was used to analyze data between groups.

Results: 1) Participated in the Ba Duan Jin teaching program could gain more significant improvement at a .05 level of significance than participating in the Traditional Health Qigong teaching program only on the Ba Duan Jin Skills and in a Physical pain of General Competency: But the other items of General Competency and All items in Physical fitness did not have any differences. 2) Subjects in the Experimental group who participated in the Ba Duan Jin teaching program accepted the teaching operation and process with a very high perception of the benefits and values of Ba Duan Jin, teaching method, and process and carried over the values of Ba Duan Jin for lifelong health exercise.

Conclusion: In general, physical education for university students both Ba Duan Jin and Health Qigong could improve Physical Fitness, Qigong Skill, and General Competency but the Ba Duan Jin teaching program could improve some few variables in General Competency more than Heath Qigong, The Ba Duan Jin. The teaching program was very highly accepted perceived the value of exercise, operation, and process of the teaching program.

Effects of Specific Training Program to Improve Lower Limp Explosive Power on Long Jump of Physical Education Students in Beijing City, the People’s Republic of China

Qiang Qin — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: Due long jump requires a significant amount of explosive power, particularly in the lower body muscles. Students who lack strength and power in their legs may struggle to generate enough force to propel themselves forward during take-off, resulting in shorter jumps. This research aims to study the effect of specific training programs to improve lower limb explosive power on the long jump of physical education students in Beijing City, The People’s Republic of China.

Materials and Methods: This research is quasi-experimental. The population of this experiment consists of first-year male students in the academic year 2023 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing City, who have chosen to study the subject of athletics, totaling 85 students. The 85 students will participate in the long jump test and record their scores. After the test, a total of 62 students passed the test criteria. The researcher used the simple random sampling method to select 20 students as a sample group. In this experiment, the training will be conducted in 8 weeks, comprising sessions held 5 days per week, 2 hours per day. Additionally, standing long jump test and long jump test to evaluate explosive power will be conducted before, after 4 weeks of training, and after 8 weeks of training. In this research, mean, standard deviation, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and dependent t-tests were used to analyze the data.

Results: After training with the specific program, the standing long jump test results and the long jump test results between the pre-test, after 4 weeks of training, and post-test showed a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level.

Conclusion: The specific training program was effective in improving lower limb explosive power on the long jump of physical education students.

Determinants of Graduate Students' Behavioral Intention to Use Mobile Learning Platforms at Hunan Normal University

Juan Fan — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: This research examined the factors affecting graduate students' behavioral intentions toward using a mobile learning platform. The study focused on several latent variables, including system quality (SQ), service quality (SVQ), information quality (IQ), perceived usefulness (PU), satisfaction (SA), attitude (ATT), and behavioral intention (BI). The goal of the study was to assess the degree to which each of these variables impacts the utilization of the mobile learning platform.

Materials and Methods: This research collected survey responses from 500 graduate students at a public university in Hunan, China, regarding their perspectives on using mobile learning platforms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were employed to analyze the data.

Results: The data analysis results indicated that all hypothesized paths were statistically significant, demonstrating strong direct relationships between the variables in the model. Information quality, in particular, had the most substantial impact on perceived usefulness. These findings highlight the critical role of these factors in enhancing the effective use of mobile learning platforms in higher education, leading to increased student satisfaction and behavioral intentions. The study's strengths include a large sample size and the application of advanced statistical methods like SEM and CFA, offering a thorough evaluation of the model's validity. However, the study is limited by its focus on a single university, which may not capture the diverse experiences of students at other institutions. Moreover, while the study emphasizes key factors influencing mobile learning, it does not explore potential barriers or challenges students might encounter, such as technological issues or varying levels of digital literacy. Future research could address these aspects to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of mobile learning platforms.

Development of Badminton High Clear Shot Training Program of Students Aged Between 8-10 Years

Mingchun Chen — 2025-03-02

Background and Aim: The proficiency of badminton skills among students aged 8-10 years in primary school is a significant concern, as there is a noticeable lack of tailored training programs specifically designed for this age group. Therefore, this research aims to develop badminton high clear shot training program of students aged between 8-10 years, and to improve the efficiency of badminton training of high clear shot skill, instill a passion for sports, encourage regular physical activity, and promote overall physical and mental well-being in children.

Materials and Methods: This research is quasi-experimental research. The population of this research was 79 students aged between 8-10 years in badminton club at Shenzhen Nanshan Foreign Languages School Dachong Primary School. Through high clear shot skill test, 30 students with low test scores who volunteered to participate in the research have been selected as the sample group. This research will conduct 8 weeks of training to improve badminton high clear shot skill, and the testing for the badminton high clear shot will be before training, after 4 weeks of training, and after 8 weeks of training. In this research, mean, standard deviation, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and dependent t-tests were utilized to analyze the data. The level of significant difference was 0.05.

Results: After 8 weeks of training, there was a significant difference between the pre-test, after 4 weeks of training and post-test of the results of high clear shot test. Therefore, the students showed significant improvement in their badminton high clear shot skills after training with developed badminton training program.

Conclusion: The developed training program is effective in enhancing high clear shot skills among students aged between 8-10 years and can be utilized in the development of badminton education at the primary school level.

The Effects of Plyometric Training on 50 Meters Crawl Swimming Speed Performance in Swimmers

Pengcheng Chen — 2025-03-08

Background and Aim: This research aimed to study and compare the effects of plyometric training on crawl swimming speed performance in swimmers.

Materials and Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental design. The subjects were selected from a population of 43 swimmers tested in a 50-meter freestyle swim. The times were recorded and ranked from highest to lowest. A total of 20 swimmers were selected using the ranking method, and they were divided into two equal groups of 10 by drawing lots: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group performed plyometric training, while the control group underwent traditional training. Both groups trained twice a week for eight weeks. The 50-meter crawl stroke speed was measured before and after the experiment. The data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and a t-test to determine the significant differences in performance before and after the experiment, as well as between the two groups.

Results: After eight weeks of training, the results indicated that: 1) The 50-meter crawl stroke speed in both the control and experimental groups improved significantly compared to pre-training levels (p < .05). 2) There were significant differences in the 50-meter crawl stroke speed between the control and experimental groups, with the experimental group showing greater improvement (p < .05).

Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated significant improvements in swimming speed for both the conventional and plyometric training groups at the 0.05 significance level. However, the plyometric training group showed notably greater improvements in speed compared to the conventional training group. These results suggest that plyometric training enhances 50-meter freestyle swimming performance by improving muscle strength, speed, and coordination. Incorporating plyometric exercises into conventional training programs could provide athletes with a competitive edge, as it focuses on both power development and the quick muscle response necessary for optimal swimming performance.

Developing the Calisthenics Exercise Program to Improve Physical Fitness of the Primary School Students

Qiaomu Chen — 2025-03-08

Background and Aim: Calisthenics exercises improve body composition, flexibility, cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and mental health across various populations. This study's objective was to develop the physical fitness of primary school students by participating in a calisthenic exercise training program during the after-school period.

Materials and Methods: This research was quasi-experimental research, in which two groups pretest and a posttest conducted a calisthenic exercise training program during the after-school period. The subjects were 60 students in grade 5^thin primary school with simple random sampling. They were divided into two groups by systematic sampling technique based on physical fitness test scores. The experiment operated for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week with 60 minutes per session. The experimental group trained with a calisthenic exerciser training program developed by the researchers, the content validity was 95 (.66-1.00). The control group was assigned to participate in sports and exercise programs provided by the school on the after-school partitivities to responds to the “Double Reduction Policy”. The physical fitness tests were examined on pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed by mean and standard deviation, comparing the mean between the group with t-test independent and within the group with pair t-test (*p<.05).

Results: found that 1) The mean comparison of physical fitness between the experimental and control group was a significant difference in 50 meters sprint, standing long jump, sit and reach, push-ups, and distant 600 meters run (*p<.05), but 30 seconds sit-ups and shuttle runs were not a significant difference. 2) The physical fitness of the experimental group in the posttest was better than in the pretest in all items (*p<.05).

Conclusion: The calisthenic exercise could effectively improve physical fitness in primary school students. However, some components of physical fitness must select a specific type or movement in calisthenic exercise to improve them.

Factors Influencing Satisfaction and Perceived Learning Performance in Blended Learning Using The Chaoxing Learning Platform

Fan Mo — 2025-03-09

Background and Aim: Despite the success of blended learning, student satisfaction, and perceived learning performance remain key indicators of its effectiveness. While existing studies have explored these factors, most treat technology platforms generically, with limited focus on specific platforms. Therefore, this study investigates the factors influencing satisfaction (SAT) and perceived learning performance (PLP) in blended learning, specifically using the Chaoxing Learning Platform.

Materials and Methods: A quantitative research design was employed using a structured questionnaire, grounded in blended learning theories and the Technology Acceptance Model. The survey targeted students at the School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data from 493 valid responses.

Results: The analysis revealed significant positive relationships between the factors and satisfaction. Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Social Presence (SP), Teaching Presence (TP), and Cognitive Presence (CP) all contributed to higher satisfaction levels. Additionally, satisfaction was found to be a strong predictor of perceived learning performance, indicating that satisfied students believed they had performed better academically.

Conclusion: This study confirmed five key factors influencing student satisfaction in blended learning using the Chaoxing Learning Platform. It demonstrated a strong positive relationship between satisfaction and perceived learning performance, highlighting the central role of satisfaction in determining educational outcomes in blended learning environments. However, the study's focus on a single institution may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research should explore diverse contexts and measure actual learning outcomes for a more comprehensive understanding.

Teachers' Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Bibliometric Review of Influencing Factors and Mechanisms

Sun Haidong — 2025-03-09

Background and Aim: This study explicitly examines the impact and mechanisms of teachers' Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on educational outcomes and school effectiveness. It focuses on key factors such as psychological contracts, organizational support, and transformational leadership, which are crucial in the educational context. The research aims to provide a comprehensive bibliometric review of OCB, highlighting significant research hotspots and trends, and offering both theoretical and practical insights.

Materials and Methods: Utilizing a detailed bibliometric approach with CiteSpace software, this study rigorously analyzes 183 documents from the CNKI database, covering the period from 2004 to 2024. The analysis includes keyword co-occurrence, clustering, and burst detection to identify the key themes and evolving trends in OCB research.

Results: The in-depth analysis reveals that teachers' OCB significantly enhances education quality and school effectiveness, with strong correlations to job satisfaction, occupational commitment, and reduced turnover intentions. Notably, organizational support and transformational leadership are identified as critical factors in promoting OCB. The results also highlight specific themes and the most influential factors, providing tangible insights into the mechanisms at play.

Conclusion: This study underscores the vital role of fostering organizational support and transformational leadership in enhancing teachers' OCB, which subsequently improves educational outcomes. The conclusion suggests that future research should delve deeper into how various leadership styles, personal traits, and school cultures influence OCB, to develop more effective educational management strategies. Additionally, practical implications are provided for school administrators to focus on enhancing support systems and leadership practices, ensuring sustained teacher commitment and performance.

Development of Playing Chinese Percussion Instrument Course Based on Task-based Learning and Team-based Learning to Enhance Playing Chinese Percussion Instrument Performance of the First-Year Students at Xi’an University

Shen Huang — 2025-03-09

Background and aim: The significance of Chinese percussion instruments is undeniable since they play a crucial part in Chinese music education. Nevertheless, there is a lack of extensive research on efficient teaching methodologies to improve student performance in this domain. Prior research has examined music education in a broad sense, but it has frequently neglected the particular difficulties and advantages related to learning Chinese percussion instruments. Furthermore, the comprehensive investigation of contemporary pedagogical methodologies, such as task-based learning (TBL) and team-based learning (TBL), in music education has not been extensively explored, particularly in Chinese percussion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of these novel learning techniques to enhance the playing Chinese percussion instruments performance of the student. This research and development aimed to 1) explore the background information and focus on course components of playing Chinese percussion instrument course based on task-based learning and team-based learning, 2) develop playing Chinese percussion instrument course based on task-based learning combined with team-based learning, 3) determine the effectiveness of implementing playing Chinese percussion instrument course based on task-based learning and team-based learning to improve playing percussion instrument performance by comparing students’ playing percussion instrument performance before and after course implementation.

Materials and methods: This study is divided into 3 phases; the first phase: studying the background information through reviewing documents and interviewing 10 experts in teaching percussion instruments and 10 students who already learned in this course, the second phase: constructing and verifying the developed course by 5 experts, and third phase: implementing the course with a sample of 50 first-year students at Xi'an University which were obtained by cluster random sampling. The tools used in this phase were as follows: 1) Task-based and Team-based learning on the playing Chinese percussion instrument course and its lesson plan, 2) A playing Chinese percussion instrument performance scoring rubric with a reliability was at 0.89. The statistics used to analyze the data include the mean, standard deviation, and t-test for the dependent sample.

Results: The research results covered the 3 research objectives were found that 1) The Chinese percussion instrument course mainly focuses on teachers 'teaching and students' passive acceptance, which does not form the students' active and independent learning consciousness, and the learning efficiency is low, and the academic performance is poor. 2) The Chinese percussion instrument course based on Task-based and Team-based learning includes principles, objectives, content, teaching steps, teaching materials, and learning evaluation. Moreover, teaching steps include (1) Problem design. (2) Study analysis. (3) Learning to support the analysis. (4) Group Formation and Task Assignment (5) Research and Preparation (6) Group presentation (7) Conclusion and Homework Assignment Improve after class. 3) After the implementation of the playing Chinese percussion instrument course based on task-based and team-based learning, the students' post-test score of the Chinese percussion instrument performance was higher than before its implementation, reaching a statistical significance level of 0.05.

Conclusion: The innovation of this study is that the components of the curriculum include six aspects: principles, objectives, content, teaching steps, teaching materials, and learning assessment. Moreover, the seven teaching steps developed based on task-based and team-based learning curriculum design can greatly improve student learning efficiency, especially helping to enhance playing Chinese percussion instrument performance of the first-year students at Xi’an University. An important principle of the task-based and team-based learning teaching methods is to maximize the students' subjective learning initiative. This study should provide students with more options for teaching techniques. Therefore, it is necessary to study the use of other teaching techniques to develop scientific learning outcomes and learning skills.

Factors Influencing Student Satisfaction and Loyalty in Blended Learning Models: Insights from Anshan Normal University

Zheming Liu — 2025-03-09

Background and Aim: As blended learning models gain traction in higher education, it is increasingly important to understand students' satisfaction with these models and the factors influencing them. The study aims to analyze the relationship between teacher image, student expectations, perceived quality, and student satisfaction in blended learning and to examine how student satisfaction affects student loyalty in blended learning settings.

Methodology: This study employed a quantitative approach by surveying 937 students participating in blended learning programs at Anshan Normal University through an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the relationships between various factors and their impact on student satisfaction. The questionnaire evaluated variables such as teacher image, student expectations, teaching quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty.

Results: The findings indicate significant positive correlations between teacher image, student expectations, teaching quality, perceived value, and student satisfaction. Specifically, a positive teacher image and high-quality teaching were strongly associated with improved student satisfaction. Additionally, the perceived value of the educational experience positively influenced satisfaction, which in turn enhanced student loyalty. The analysis shows that students' perceptions of teaching quality and their expectations significantly affect their overall satisfaction and subsequent loyalty to the educational institution.

Conclusion: To enhance student satisfaction in blended learning environments, institutions should focus on improving teacher image and the quality of teaching. Effective management of student expectations is also crucial. The study underscores that higher levels of satisfaction lead to greater student loyalty, highlighting the importance of delivering high-quality educational experiences to foster long-term commitment.

Factors Influencing Behavioral Intentions of College Students in Smart Campus Face Recognition System in Chengdu

Zhaoyan Li — 2025-03-09

Background and Aim: The integration of face recognition systems with smart campuses improves the efficiency of identity authentication, attendance management, and access control, and realizes the modernization of education. However, factors such as personal privacy and data ethics affect college students' behavioral intentions and pose challenges to the successful adoption of these systems. This study aims to identify the key determinants that affect students' acceptance and use of smart campus face recognition systems and provide a decision-making basis for student information protection and university informatization promotion.

Materials and Methods: A quantitative research design was adopted, focusing on seven key variables that influence behavioral intentions and usage behaviors. An online survey was conducted on 500 students from four colleges of Xihua University, and descriptive statistics were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data to assess the fit of the model and examine the relationship between variables.

Results: The results showed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence, habit, risk belief, and trust belief had significant direct effects on behavioral intention. Perceived usefulness and risk belief emerged as the most important determinants of students' behavioral intention toward face recognition systems. Among them, students' risk beliefs hurt the behavioral intention of technology acceptance (β=-0.402, p < .001), which means that universities must reduce the perceived risk of the system; in addition, the trust belief and perceived usefulness of the system have a significant positive impact on the behavioral intention (β=0.279, p <0.001, β=0.234, p <0.001).

Conclusion: The study emphasizes that universities need to prioritize the practicality and ease of use of facial recognition systems while addressing issues related to risk and trust, adopting security protocols and strict data protection policies in technology, and forming relevant safeguards laws, and regulations through multiple channels to alleviate concerns about olefins and enhance trust to increase the adoption rate of facial recognition systems and promote the in-depth application of technology in the digital transformation of education. These insights can also provide references for policy decisions and system design strategies, ultimately promoting smarter campus management and enhancing the decision-making process.

Effects of Learning Management Using Simpson’s Psychomotor Domain on the Basketball Playing Ability of Seventh-grade Students at Chuangyi School

Dan Zhang — 2025-03-09

Background and Aim: The development of basketball playing ability, guided by Simpson’s psychomotor domain, is crucial for systematically building physical skills through progressive, well-structured instruction. This approach ensures that players not only acquire the necessary motor skills but also refine them through practice, leading to improved performance and greater mastery of the game. This experimental research aimed to 1) compare the students’ basketball playing ability before and after receiving using Simpson’s psychomotor domain, 2) compare the students’ basketball playing ability with the determined criterion of 70 percent, and 3) assess the student’s satisfaction on using Simpson’s psychomotor domain.

Materials and Methods: The sample of this study was a class of 30 seventh-grade students at Chuangyi School. They were derived from cluster random sampling. The research instruments were (1) Eight lesson plans using Simpson’s practice skill with a very high level of appropriateness, (2) a basketball skill test, and (3) a student satisfaction questionnaire with a reliability index of 0.72. The statistics used to analyze data were mean, standard deviation, t-test for dependent samples, and t-test for one sample.

Results: The results revealed that 1) after using Simpson’s practice skill, the students’ basketball playing ability after learning through using Simpson’s psychomotor domain than before at a statistically significant level of .05; 2) the students’ basketball playing ability was higher than the determined criterion of 70% at a significance level of .05; and 3) the students’ satisfaction after learning through using Simpson’s psychomotor domain was at a higher level. (M=4.22, SD=0.75).

Conclusion: The knowledge gained from the research is that seven-step learning management using Simpson’s psychomotor domain, which consists of (1) perception, (2) readiness, (3) guided Response, (4) mechanism, (5) complex overt response, (6) improvement and application, and (7) origination. The seven-step Simpson’s psychomotor domain enhances basketball abilities by progressively teaching, practicing, and applying skills, leading to improved understanding, proficiency, and competitive confidence.

Development of Specific Training Programs to Improve Breaststroke Performance for Sport University Students

Wenxu Chen — 2025-03-11

Background and Aims: Specific training programs are critical for improving breaststroke performance because they target muscle strength, flexibility, and stroke-specific technique, thereby increasing efficiency and speed in the water. Tailored drills also help to improve the timing and coordination required for optimal propulsion and smooth movement. The purpose of this study was 1) To develop a specific training program to improve breaststroke performance for sports university students. 2) To experiment with a specific training program to improve breaststroke performance for sports university students. 3) To study the effect of specific training programs to improve breaststroke performance for sports university students.

Methodology: This study was designed with a two-group experimental design. Students from the School of Physical Education of Minnan Normal University in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province were randomly selected and divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. Before receiving 8 weeks of specific training, they were tested and scored for breaststroke movements and 50-meter breaststroke, and the assessment was repeated after the 4th week and the final test after 8 weeks of training. The data were analyzed using a statistical software package for mean, standard deviation, and t-test, one-way ANOVA repeated measures, and Bonferroni post hoc analysis. The statistical significance threshold was 0.05.

Results: The results showed that: 1) There were significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in the mean comparison of breaststroke movements (leg movements, hand movements, breathing timing, and whole body coordination) and 50-meter breaststroke results (*P＜0.05). 2) There were significant differences in the pairwise comparisons of the variables in the pre-test, the test after the 4th week, and the final test after 8 weeks within the experimental group (*P＜0.05).

Conclusion: The data show that specific training programs significantly improve breaststroke performance, with noticeable improvements in leg and hand movements, breathing timing, body coordination, and 50-meter results. Furthermore, continuous improvements were observed in the experimental group over 8 weeks, demonstrating the efficacy of structured training.

Factors Influencing Students' Satisfaction with Using Mosoteach for Online Learning in the Culture and Arts Disciplines at Vocational Colleges in Chengdu, China

JI Chenhan — 2025-03-12

Background and Aim: With the development of mobile Internet and the popularity of smart terminal devices, online learning platforms such as Mosoteach have been widely used in vocational colleges and universities in China. In the context of student-centered education, the researchers conducted this study to better meet students' online learning needs. This study aimed to explore the factors affecting students' satisfaction with using Mosoteach for online learning in the disciplines of culture and arts in a representative vocational college in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. These included computer anxiety, instructor innovation, student engagement, interaction, motivation to learn, and academic self-efficacy.

Materials and Methods: The quantitative study used a combination of purposive sampling and stratified sampling to distribute questionnaires to a total of 504 students in the three target disciplines who fulfilled the eligibility criteria and 476 valid questionnaires were returned. For the data collected, the researchers analyzed the reliability, validity, and goodness of fit of the proposed model and tested the hypotheses using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

Results: The results of this study showed that student engagement, motivation, and academic self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on satisfaction and that interaction was positively related to student engagement and teacher innovation was positively related to academic self-efficacy. There is no significant relationship between the effect of interaction on student satisfaction and the effect of computer anxiety on student engagement.

Conclusion: In the future, vocational colleges and universities should pay more attention to the role of online teaching interactions and instructor innovations in student engagement and students' academic self-efficacy when teaching online for arts and culture students. By enhancing students' engagement, motivation, and academic self-efficacy, they can improve their satisfaction with online learning, thus improving the quality of education.

Developing Management Model for Youth Basketball Clubs in Guangzhou City

Haoxian Wang — 2025-03-12

Background and Aim: In recent years, Guangzhou Basketball Club has developed rapidly. However, at present, there are few studies on the current and future development goals, development evaluation, management mode, and long-term planning of Guangzhou Basketball Club, and the research depth is insufficient. Therefore, this paper will analyze the development and management model of youth basketball clubs in Guangzhou, and combine political, economic, and social factors to provide effective strategies and suggestions for the development of basketball clubs in Guangzhou. The main goal of this study is to construct a management model for the development of basketball clubs in Guangzhou.

Materials and Methods: Literature review, expert interviews, and focus group questionnaires were used to ensure the authenticity and validity of the survey contents. Then, the development and management model of the basketball club was established and its effectiveness was verified. A total of 21 experts were interviewed in this study, and the experts were divided into three groups: the first group consisted of 5 experts to discuss and evaluate the development and management of youth basketball clubs in Guangzhou; The second group consisted of 9 experts to ensure input on the proposed POLC conceptual model; The third group consists of 7 senior experts who are responsible for evaluating and validating the developed POLC model. The POLC model is a management model that divides the management process into four basic functions: Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. Each function has its specific application process. Steps in developing the POLC model) research and discuss the management of the Guangzhou Youth Basketball Club; 2) evaluate and study the important elements of the POLC model and develop a POLC conceptual model; 3) develop a draft POLC model through focus group discussions to ensure expert input on the POLC conceptual model; 4) The POLC model is evaluated and validated by senior experts, and the POLC model is revised and finalized. Frequency, average statistics, and content analysis were used for data analysis.

Result: Through the evaluation and verification of the POLC model for the development and management of Guangzhou Youth Basketball Clubs by experts, the four components of the model were finally determined: 1) The project management model includes six elements: government policy and support, market and demand, club strategy and business model, school and education, financial resources, challenges, and trends. 2) There are 5 factors in the organizational management model: organizational structure and system, human resources, marketing and promotion, risk management, and financial sustainability. 3) There are 7 factors in the leadership management model: professional development, innovation and culture, staffing and expertise, external factors, performance management, work-life balance, and employee engagement. 4) There are 5 factors of the control management model: quality assurance, performance measurement, financial control, risk management, competition, and development.

Conclusion: In terms of the quality evaluation of the POLC model, senior experts have conducted a good evaluation and verification of the POLC model for the development and management of Guangzhou Youth Basketball Clubs, and believe that the model system is complete, clear and implementable.

Development of An Integrated Model on Sports and Education to Enhance the Competencies of Sports Schools Students in Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China

Cheng Fang — 2025-03-12

Background and Aims: The sports school system has long been the main channel for developing sports-related talent in China. However, because of the imbalance between academic learning and sports training, only a small proportion of students from these sports schools show enough competency in their careers. This research aims to build an integrated model of sports and education to enhance the competencies of sports school students.

Methodology: (1) For data collection, this research mainly used the questionnaire method. A stratified random sampling method was used to pick 40 sports schools in different regions out of a total of 149 sports schools in Guangdong, China. For each school, related parties such as students, teachers, and school administrators were randomly chosen to answer the questionnaire from different perspectives. (2) For data analysis and model construction, descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation, median, and interquartile range were used to analyze the data. (3) To refine the model, the Delphi method was used to consult experts in education and sports. After three rounds of Delphi, the final model was constructed, which both considered the information from questionnaires and the advice from experts. The final model was confirmed through the Focus Group method to further show its practicality.

Results: The research identified significant factors impacting student-athlete performance, including specialized academic planning, after-school tutoring, and the integration of sports and education administration. The study revealed that a tailored approach to academic and athletic training, along with coordinated management between sports and education bureaus is essential for enhancing student competencies.

Conclusion: The developed integrated model offers a comprehensive framework for sports schools to improve student outcomes in both academic and sports fields. By prioritizing both academic and athletic development, the model supports the sustainable growth of sports schools and the preparation of well-rounded student-athletes for future challenges.

Effects of Dancesport on Walking Balance and Spin Balance of University Athletes at Shenzhen Technology University

Xiezhuoyi Feng — 2025-03-12

Background and Aim: Since walking balance and spin balance are considered crucial skills for dancesport athletes, whether they can perform well or not partially depends on having good postural stability skills or not. Therefore, this research aims to study the effects of dancesport on walking balance and spin balance of university athletes at Shenzhen Technology University, to improve walking balance and spin balance of university athletes.

Materials and Methods: This research was quasi-experimental. The research population was university dancesport athletes, individuals possessing fundamental dance skills but not classified as professional athletes, with a total of 30 athletes. The sample group for this research encompasses the entire population, comprising 30 university dance sports athletes. In this experiment, the training will be conducted over a total of 8 weeks, with 5 days per week and 2 hours per day. In addition, there will be tests for walking balance and spin balance conducted a total of 3 times, which include (1) before the start of training; (2) after completing 4 weeks of training; and (3) after completing training in week 8. This study utilized mean, standard deviation, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and dependent t-tests for data analysis, with the significance level established at 0.05.

Results: After 8 weeks of training with the developed dancesport training program, there was a statistically significant improvement at the 0.05 level in walking balance and spin balance of university athletes.

Conclusion: The developed dance sports training program was effective in improving the walking balance and spin balance of university athletes.

Creative Physical Exercise Program To Improve Motor Movement Physical Fitnes And Cognitive Ability In Chinese Preschool Children

Yanqing Feng — 2025-03-12

Background and Aim: The early childhood stage is the most rapid development in all aspects, this study aims to Create a physical exercise program to improve motor movement physical fitness, and cognitive ability in Chinese preschool children, and to enrich the ways of exercise for young children in Guangdong Province, China.

Materials and Methods: In this study, the content and evaluation tools of the Physical Exercise Program were firstly interviewed with five experts using the expert interview method; secondly, two rounds of the Physical Exercise Program were conducted using the Delphi technique, and finally, the program was confirmed through focus groups. This study was conducted using the expert interview method, the Delphi expert questionnaire.

Results: (1) Through five expert interviews, the Physical Exercise Program covers movement development and fitness.; (2) The results of the first and second rounds of the Delphi Technique questionnaire, 19 experts unanimously agreed on the content of the Physical Exercise Program and the test indexes, with the median being greater than 4 and the quartile being less than 0.5；(3) After the meeting of the 5 experts, it was finally confirmed that the content of the training program included cognitive combined with motor development and physical fitness training.

Conclusion: Following expert interviews and the use of the Delphi technique, the exercise program to promote children's motor, fitness, and cognitive development was found to be feasible after three rounds of endorsement from 19 experts in the fields of sport and cognition.

Construction of Accuracy Speed Agility and Quickness Training Program to Improve Fencing Performance in Young Fencers

Yu Guo — 2025-03-12

Background and Aims: Fencing is a complex sport that highly depends on technique and physical fitness, mainly through the interaction of abilities such as precision, speed, agility, and quick reaction, which significantly impact competitive performance. However, current training methods and approaches for youth fencers still face limitations, including insufficient emphasis on physical training, incomplete understanding of athletes' physical and mental development patterns, and a lack of innovative training methods. These limitations may adversely affect the long-term development of athletes. Therefore, this study aims to develop an ASAQ training program that integrates precision with speed, agility, and quick reaction (SAQ) training to enhance youth fencers' technical skills and physical fitness, thereby improving their competitive performance. Specific objectives include) To conduct an experimental study on the developed program and compare the effectiveness between the experimental group and the control group in terms of physical fitness and fencing skills.2) To compare the effectiveness of the ASAQ training program in improving specific performance aspects of athletes through data analysis, particularly in enhancing lunge accuracy, speed, and reaction times.

Methodology: The study sample consisted of 62 young athletes from the Guangzhou Fencing Team, including 35 males (56.45%) and 27 females (43.55%); based on the scores from basic fencing techniques and physical fitness tests, athletes were sequentially numbered from 1 to 62 in descending order of their scores. They were then divided into two groups using systematic sampling: then drawn into the experimental group (n=31) and the control group (n=31). Research tools consisted of the training program, validated at.95 (.60-1.00), an interview form, a physical fitness test, a fencing skill test, and a program evaluation questionnaire. The experiment was operated thrice a week, two hours a day, for eight weeks. The training was conducted thrice weekly, two hours per session, over eight weeks. Data were collected at the pre-test, mid-test, and post-test for fencing skills and at the pre-test and post-test for physical fitness. The experimental and control group’s fencing of skill data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc with LSD. Comparisons of physical fitness between the experimental and control groups at pre-test and post-test were made using independent t-tests.

Results： ASAQ training significantly improves the basic skills of young fencers, particularly in precise target attack techniques, footwork speed, lunges, and quick responses during offense and defense. The experimental group outperformed the control group in three physical performance metrics: 15 meters Obstacle Sprint, Jump Ropes in One Minute, and Standing long jump. This showed that the ASAQ training improved speed, agility, coordination, balance, and lower body explosiveness, enhancing fencers' short-distance movement, quick directional changes, and explosive attacks during training and competitions.

Conclusion: The findings were as follows: 1) ASAQ could significantly improve the accuracy of target-hitting attack techniques, fencing footwork speed, lunges, and quick reactions during offense and defense of young fencers. It also showed significant improvements in physical qualities such as speed, agility, coordination balance, quick reactions, and lower limb explosive power. 2) The experimental group's post-test was significantly higher than the control group's at.05 on physical fitness and fencing skills. 3) The final interview of experts unanimously affirmed the ASAQ training method's effectiveness in enhancing young fencers' competitive performance. It recognized the practical value of the ASAQ training method. Future studies could integrate objective data such as physiological and biochemical indicators and athletic performance, utilizing scientific tools and equipment like GPS sports tracking systems and other wearable devices for training monitoring to enhance the accuracy of the results.

Development of Indicator Swimming Teaching Model for Higher Education Student

Yuan Hou — 2025-03-12

Background and Aim: With the continuous advancement of the reform of physical education in colleges and universities, swimming course plays an increasingly prominent role in college physical education. The objective of this research was to develop the indicator swimming teaching model for higher education students, to improve the teaching quality of college swimming courses and students' comprehensive quality.

Materials and Methods: This research is mixed methods research type. The participants in this research can be divided into four groups, which are as follows:(1) 540 students and 36 teachers from 12 universities in Henan China were chosen to engage in responding to the questionnaires; (2) 7 experts were invited to in-depth interview; (3) 19 experts were invited to conduct two-round Delphi study; and (4) 9 experts were invited to discuss and confirm the constructed developing the indicator swimming teaching model for higher education students. The average and standard deviation are utilized to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire, the consensus data is analyzed by using the median and interquartile range, with criteria set at a median of ≥ 3.50 and an interquartile range of ≤ 1.50.

Results: The results show that the indicator swimming teaching model for higher education students is composed of 6 factors, namely: (A) Course objective; (B) Teaching content and organization; (C) Teaching methods and means; (D) Teaching practice, (E) Assessment and evaluation; and (F) Teaching resources and safety assurance, 19 components and 61 indicators.

Conclusion: The results show that the indicator swimming teaching model for higher education students is composed of 6 factors, 19 components, and 61 indicators. The content and application of this model have been evaluated and confirmed by 9 experts. It provides an effective tool for the evaluation and decision-making of the swimming teaching model of college students in Henan province. This teaching model is expected to change the traditional swimming teaching model and set a benchmark for other provinces.

Developing Managerial Guidelines to Promote Curling Sport in the People’s Republic of China

Mengqi Wang — 2025-03-12

Background and Aim: Curling in China for only 20 years has made remarkable achievements, especially in the 2009 curling world championships, where the women's curling team won the gold medal, causing the attention of the country and the attention of the public, but compared with some traditional curling powers, in tactics, psychological, still have an obvious gap. Therefore, this research aims to develop managerial guidelines to promote curling sports in China.

Materials and Methods: This research is a survey research. The sample was 20 curling players and coaches from three curling training centers in Heilongjiang Province, 60 curling club members in Harbin and Beijing, and 240 citizens who practice ice sports in Harbin and Beijing Street parks. In this research, the expert interview and questionnaire survey were conducted to draft the guidelines for developing managerial guidelines to promote the curling sport in China.

Results: to improve the sustainable development of curling in China, the management system of the project should be further improved and multi-party coordinated development should be carried out; Strengthen the socialization degree of curling; Increase the government as the main body of economic input, broaden the source of funding channels; Pay attention to personnel training, training and management; Focus on the comprehensive quality construction of coaches and players; Strengthen the scientific research of curling project

Conclusion: With the reform of the management system, the attention of management departments, the strong support and promotion of the government, and the gradual enrichment of reserve talents, the level of curling sports in China will be able to compete with the top strong teams.

Effect of Virtual Reality Intelligent Interior Design Platform on Interior Design Education at the Junior College Level

Jinyao Guo — 2025-03-13

Background and Aim: According to the learning situation of college students, this paper puts forward some problems existing in teaching practical courses for the current situation of modern indoor teaching, and expounds the advantages of the application of Internet VR intelligent indoor design platform. Data is obtained and analyzed by grouping teaching classes and conducting teaching achievement testing experiments using different teaching methods. Determine whether there is a significant difference in the improvement of students' performance in creating interior design renderings between using VR intelligent design platforms and traditional design software. Therefore, this study proposes three research objectives:(1) To compare the performance improvement of learning VR intelligent design platform and traditional design software in creating interior design renderings. (2) To explore the features that VR intelligent design platforms can provide to improve learners' ability to create renderings. (3) To explore teaching methods for interior design vocational education based on VR intelligent design platforms.

Materials and Methods: This study is designed as a quasi-experimental study. The sample consists of 60 sophomore students majoring in interior design. In a rendering course at a college in Chongqing, purposive sampling was used to divide them into two groups: the experimental group learned how to create interior design renderings using a VR intelligent design platform, and the control group learned how to create interior design renderings using traditional design software. This study used performance testing as a research tool to determine whether the performance improvement of two groups of students was significant based on the difference in scores between pre-test and post-test scores.

Results: The average pre-test and post-test scores of the control group were 60.3 and 76.4, respectively, while those of the experimental group were 62 and 84.9, respectively. Compared with the control group (M=16.1, SD=2.96), the experimental group showed a significantly higher average score improvement (M=22.90, SD=2.77). The statistical significance level was P<. 001.

Conclusion: Research has shown that learning based on VR intelligent design platforms can improve students' learning efficiency in creating interior design renderings, achieve better academic performance, and is worth promoting.

The Effect of Technology on Burnout Among Primary and Secondary School Teachers and Their Subsequent Attitudes towards The Use of Technology

Jiandong Zhu — 2025-03-13

Background and Aim: With the continuous deepening of education reform and the rapid development of technology, the working environment and methods of teachers have undergone significant changes, and the problem of occupational burnout has also shown new characteristics and trends. This study aims to investigate the impact of the widespread application of technology in education on job burnout among primary and secondary school teachers and how this burnout subsequently influences their attitudes toward technology usage.

Materials and Methods: This study conducted a quantitative research method using a questionnaire survey to investigate 550 primary and secondary school teachers from an education group in Zhejiang Province who have been using the Seewo whiteboard for more than one year. Data from 500 teachers were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software.

Results: The research results indicate that there is a significant correlation between social support, job satisfaction, workload, work family conflict, and technical stress and teacher burnout. In addition, occupational burnout has a significant negative impact on teachers' attitudes toward technology use, meaning that teachers who experience occupational burnout may hold a more negative attitude toward technology.

Conclusion: This study investigated the technical burnout of primary and secondary school teachers in an education group in Zhejiang Province and its effect on their attitudes towards technology. It found that the use of Seewo whiteboards significantly affected burnout and subsequent technology acceptance, providing insights into the adoption of technology tools in education.

Construction of Badminton Training Program to Improve Physical Fitness of University Students

Jia Huang — 2025-03-14

Background and Aim: The Internet era has revolutionized various aspects of office work, daily life, and numerous fields. During the critical stage of growth and development, the lifestyle choices made by college students profoundly impact their physical health. Therefore, to improve the physical fitness of university students through playing badminton, this research has constructed a training program to improve the physical fitness of university students, focusing on three main components: strength, speed, and flexibility.

Materials and Methods: This research is quasi-experimental. The population of this research consists of 135 second-year male students in the 2023 academic year at Shenzhen Technology University, who have chosen badminton as an elective course. From the annual physical fitness test, 40 male students who scored the lowest overall physical fitness scores, will be selected as a sample group for this research. The training program will be conducted for 8 weeks, with sessions scheduled 3 days per week, each lasting 2 hours. The physical fitness test (including flexibility, speed, and strength tests) will be conducted before training, after 4 weeks of training, and after 8 weeks of training. In this research, mean, standard deviation, and one-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The level of significant difference was 0.05.

Results: After 8 weeks of training, there was a significant difference between the pre-test, after 4 weeks of training, and post-test of the results of the flexibility test, speed test, and strength test. The university students showed significant improvement in all three aspects of their physical fitness.

Conclusion: The developed badminton training program is effective in improving the physical fitness of university students and can be utilized in developing badminton education at the university level.

The Development of Blended Learning Design to Improve English Writing Competence of Higher Vocational College Students in Sichuan, China

Liang Qiao — 2025-03-14

Background and Aim: English is a universal language and plays a crucial role in students' future work and lives. A pilot survey of freshmen at Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation revealed that their English writing performance is unsatisfactory. This research aims to improve students' English writing competence by developing a blended learning design based on a web page application, offering insights for other English teachers.

Materials and Methods: This study adopted a quantitative analysis method, dividing two classes into an experimental group with blended learning and a control group with traditional teaching. Data were collected over 13 weeks through pre-and post-tests to measure improvements.

Results: The analysis showed that the blended learning design significantly improved students' English writing skills, particularly in vocabulary, organization, mechanics, and language use, with vocabulary and language use showing the most improvement.

Conclusion: It is necessary and feasible to apply a blended learning design to English writing teaching. In the future, teachers can reasonably use the Pigai web page application in English writing teaching according to the teaching environment and students' learning characteristics.

Construction of a Mobile Learning Model to Improve Breaststroke Swimming for University Students

Shimeng Huang — 2025-03-14

Background and Aims： As well as the popularity of mobile smart devices, mobile phones, and tablets inside and outside the campus, it is increasingly convenient for us to obtain big data information on the Internet anytime and anywhere. New epoch planning background, the education reform in colleges and universities to improve the quality of classroom teaching, combining with the network teaching platform, improve the classroom teaching effect, enrich the teaching resources, make mobile learning mode by colleges and universities now recognition and acceptance. The main objective of this study was to construct a mobile learning model to improve breaststroke swimming among university students.

Methodology： A questionnaire was designed for 367 university students. Descriptive statistical method analysis was used to analyze the current of mobile breaststroke swimming learning courses. Clarify the current situation and find the problem to solve. Then, according to the current situation, issues to be addressed, and the requirements of swimming courses, 7 experts' in-depth interviews were invited to extract the mobile breaststroke swimming learning model of university students' teaching elements framework using the NVivo12.0 software. 5 experts were invited to discuss, adopt the IOC test, and develop the first draft of the mobile breaststroke swimming learning model. 19 experts were invited to conduct three rounds of Delphi analysis to conduct the first draft of the mobile breaststroke swimming learning model framework. Finally, we invited 9 experts to perform the Connoisseurship method and finalized the mobile breaststroke swimming learning model.

Results: Confirm the mobile breaststroke swimming learning model. It includes 4 first-level elements, including teaching background, teaching content, teaching process, and teaching evaluation.10 second-level elements, and 23 third-level elements.

Conclusion: Combined with the talent training objectives and requirements, in the construction of a new mobile breaststroke swimming learning model, in addition to the basic offline curriculum setting, full consideration should be given to improving students' technical principles, learning enthusiasm, innovative consciousness, and problem-solving ability. Through in-depth expert interviews and IOC testing, after modification by the Delphi consensus, form the mobile breaststroke swimming learning model draft. Use the Connoisseurship method， to confirm the mobile breaststroke swimming learning model.

Effective of Flipped Classroom Teaching to Improve Wushu Skills for Students in Guangzhou Sport University

Xi Wang — 2025-03-14

Background and Aims： Flipped classroom teaching moves direct instruction outside the classroom, allowing students to work on lecture materials at home while using class time for active learning, discussions, and problem-solving. This method encourages deeper comprehension, collaboration, and personalized support during in-class activities. The objective of this research was to study the effect of flipped classroom teaching to improve Wushu's skills for students at Guangzhou Sport University.

Materials and Methods： This research is quasi-experimental. Taking the second-grade students of Wushu in Guangzhou Sport University in 2023 as the research object, 60 students who met the Wushu test standards and volunteered were randomly selected as the experimental sample group, 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. First, the questionnaire survey method and expert interview method were used to discuss 60 students and 5 experts, and the current situation and existing problems of school martial arts teaching were collected. Secondly, the focus group was discussed with 10 experts to formulate a specific teaching plan, and 5 students were randomly selected to try out the plan. Finally, the 8-week flipped classroom teaching experiment was carried out before, 4 weeks after teaching, and 8 weeks after teaching. Analysis of variance and T-test were used for data processing, and the effect of martial arts flipped classroom teaching was evaluated according to the processing results.

Results: After 8 weeks of teaching experiment, the data results were significant before and 4 weeks after teaching and were significantly different after 8 weeks of teaching. It shows that the teaching program can effectively improve the basic skills of wushu students majoring in the Guangzhou Institute of Physical Education.

Conclusion: The flipped classroom of martial arts is conducive to the improvement of martial arts-specific qualities and technical abilities.