RATANABUTH JOURNAL

State and Guidelines for Academic Administration in Small-sized Primary School Under Nakhonratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 7

Wichittra Cherdthaisong — 2026-04-30

The objectives of this research were to: (1) study teachers’ opinions regarding the conditions of academic administration in small-sized primary schools, (2) compare teachers’ opinions regarding the conditions of academic administration in small-sized primary schools, and (3) study guidelines for academic administration in schools. A mixed-methods research design was employed. The sample consisted of 254 teachers, who were obtained through simple random sampling. The research instruments were questionnaires and interview forms. The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The guidelines for academic administration were obtained from semi-structured interviews with five experts and were analyzed using content analysis.

The research findings revealed that: (1) the overall level of academic administration in small-sized primary schools under the Nakhon Ratchasima Primary Educational Service Area Office 7 was at a high level, (2) a comparison of the conditions of academic administration based on teachers’ opinions, classified by work experience, showed no statistically significant differences overall, and (3) the guidelines for academic administration indicated that the development of school-based curricula in small-sized primary schools should involve adjusting curriculum structures to be appropriate to the school context, available resources, and learners’ needs. These guidelines also included determining the school’s vision, mission, and goals, promoting the participation of relevant stakeholders, and conducting supervision, monitoring, and curriculum improvement. Regarding internal quality assurance, emphasis was placed on the participation of all sectors, establishing quality assurance systems and guidelines in accordance with the quality cycle, preparing self-assessment reports (SAR), developing personnel capacity and quality assurance tools, and utilizing quality assurance results for continuous improvement.

An Analytical Study of the Practices of Luang Pu Chob Thanasamo

PhraSuphachai Phasuko — 2026-04-30

The research titled “A Study and Analysis of the Practices of Luang Pu Chob Thansamo” aims to: 1. Study the principles of practice in Theravada Buddhism, 2. Study the practices of Luang Pu Chob Thansamo, and 3. Analyze the practices of Luang Pu Chob Thansamo. This research is qualitative research using documentary research methods, collecting data from the Tripitaka scriptures, books, dissertations, theses, articles, journals, and websites.

The research findings are as follows: 1. The principles of practice in Theravada Buddhism focus on practice for liberation through the cultivation of morality, concentration, and wisdom, with consistent practice to develop habits. 2. The practices of Luang Pu Chob Thansamo are characterized by modesty, simplicity, loving-kindness, ascetic practices, meditation training, and teaching that emphasizes simplicity yet depth. 3. The practice principles of Luang Pu Chob Thanasamo are in line with Theravada Buddhist principles, particularly in training the mind to be calm and letting go of attachments. However, they also have a unique characteristic that emphasizes applying Dhamma principles concretely in daily life. This research indicates that Luang Pu Chob Thanasamo's practice principles can serve as a model for developing monks and lay Buddhists to have mental stability and moral integrity. Moreover, they can be applied in education, Buddhist propagation, and social development, to preserve the values of Buddhism sustainably.

The management affecting the operational efficiency of the Agricultural Cooperative for Marketing of Nakhon Ratchasima

Nattapak Noparat — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to: (1) examine the management conditions of the Agricultural Cooperative for Marketing of BAAC Customers, Nakhon Ratchasima Limited; (2) analyze the factors affecting its operational effectiveness; and (3) propose management approaches that enhance operational effectiveness. A mixed-methods research design was employed. Quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire administered to a sample of 400 cooperative members, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 30 key informants, including the cooperative chairperson and members. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings revealed that: (1) all aspects of cooperative management were rated at a high level; (2) planning, organizing, directing, and coordinating significantly influenced operational effectiveness at the .05 level; and (3) effective management approaches should prioritize addressing financial losses to restore members’ confidence by analyzing costs and revenues, developing new income streams, and applying digital technologies to enhance transparency. These efforts should be complemented by strengthening price competitiveness, reducing process redundancies, increasing bargaining power to lower costs, and implementing public relations strategies to build trust within the community.

State and Guidelines for The Management and Supervision of Teacher’s Leaning Management in White Educational School Free from Drugs and Vices Under Surin Primary Educational Service Area Office 3

Wimonchartra Puyati — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to: 1) examine teachers’ opinions regarding the conditions of instructional supervision management; 2) compare teachers’ opinions regarding the conditions of instructional supervision management; and 3) investigate guidelines for instructional supervision management. The study employed a mixed-methods research design. The sample consisted of 226 teachers from White Schools under the Surin Primary Educational Service Area Office 3, who were selected through stratified random sampling. The research instruments included a questionnaire and an interview form. The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance.

The findings revealed that: 1) the overall condition of instructional supervision management was at a high level. The aspect with the highest mean score was work condition assessment, while the aspect with the lowest mean score was supervision evaluation; 2) comparisons of teachers’ opinions classified by work experience showed overall differences. When considered by individual aspects, the differences were statistically significant at the .05 level. When classified by the levels of White Schools, both the overall results and all individual aspects differed significantly at the .05 level. Pairwise comparisons using Scheffé’s method indicated that teachers in Silver-level White Schools had significantly different opinions from those in Gold-level and Diamond-level White Schools in all aspects, whereas teachers in Gold-level and Diamond-level White Schools did not differ significantly in their opinions; and 3) the guidelines for instructional supervision management were as follows: 3.1) work condition assessment: homeroom teachers facilitated club activities and the Semaraks Clinic and used home visit data to screen at-risk students; 3.2) supervision planning: administrators conducted classroom visits and held discussions with teachers and students, along with establishing collaborative networks to prevent drug abuse and vices; 3.3) supervision implementation: administrators emphasized building interaction and communication with teachers and students; and s3.4) supervision evaluation: schools organized ceremonies to award certificates or honors to students with good behavior and provided opportunities for students who had gone astray to reform.

Leadership Development in Promoting Women's Roles to Build a Network of Members of the National Council of Women's Associations Under the Patronage of Her Majesty the Queen

Rassarin Ladmaikunlawat — 2026-04-30

The purposes of this research are to 1) study the current conditions, problems, and needs for leadership development in promoting women's roles in order to create network partners. 2) Developing leadership in promoting women's roles to create network partners and 3) Evaluating the effectiveness of leadership development in promoting women's roles to create network partners of members of the National Women's Association Council under Royal Patronage. Using an integrated research model. The research tools included semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups. The sample group consists of There were 19 key informants. and a focus group discussion of 12 people and an experimental group of 30 people. Statistics used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation.

The results of the study found that 1) The development of women leaders should not be limited to just management skills. But it must be coupled with network building, which is important in opening learning spaces across groups. both local, national and international levels Many people propose to have Permanent support structure, different focus, some organizations emphasize Some organizations emphasize the development of personality and confidence. and integration with specific careers or contexts. 2) The development of Thai women's leadership is necessary. Create a central mechanism that serves to connect women's networks at the local, national and international levels, the public and private sectors must work together to Provide resources, budget and continuous development projects. Public forum and cooperation network Give women space to exchange knowledge and push policy 3) Most of the members of the National Council of Women who completed the leadership development assessment were over 55 years of age, totaling 18 people. The overall evaluation results were at the highest level, with an average score of 4.52. The item with the highest mean score was support/recommendation from instructors or model leaders with a mean of 4.60, followed by overall satisfaction with the model with a mean of 4.58, and the least was ease of actually using the model with a mean of 4.43, respectively.

The decision to elect the mayor of Moo Mon Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Somdet District, Kalasin Province

Sansakda Rangcarach — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to: (1) examine the level of opinions regarding factors influencing voters’ decisions in the election of the Chief Executive of Mu Mon Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Somdet District, Kalasin Province; (2) analyze the factors affecting voters’ decisions in the election of the Chief Executive of Mu Mon Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Somdet District, Kalasin Province; and (3) explore recommendations concerning factors influencing voters’ decision-making in this election. This research employed a quantitative research design. The sample consisted of 379 eligible voters residing in the jurisdiction of Mu Mon Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Somdet District, Kalasin Province, determined using Yamane’s formula. The research instrument was a rating-scale questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentages, means, frequencies, and standard deviations, as well as Binary Logistic Regression.

The findings revealed that: (1) overall opinions regarding factors influencing voting decisions were at a high level; (2) factors that significantly influenced voting decisions at the .05 level included past performance, affiliation with political groups or parties, policy proposals, and candidate characteristics. These four variables jointly accounted for 93.40% of the variance in voting decisions; and (3) recommendations suggested that candidates should emphasize direct communication with citizens to build trust, alongside policies aligned with local contexts that are feasible, transparent, and participatory. Candidates should appropriately utilize community networks, demonstrate vision, transparency, and participatory leadership, present concrete past achievements, and use political party affiliation as a supportive mechanism while prioritizing local interests.

Role of School Administrators in Promoting Digital Technology Utilization in Schools Under Buriram Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Kittipong Techanok — 2026-04-30

The purpose of this research was to: 1) study teachers’ opinions on the administrative roles of school administrators in promoting the use of digital technology; 2) Compare teachers’ opinions on the administrative roles of school administrators in promoting the use of digital technology, classified by educational qualifications and school size; and 3) study the guidelines for the administrative roles of school administrators in promoting the use of digital technology. This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The sample consisted of 331 teachers under the Buriram Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. The research instruments were a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. The statistics used for data analysis included percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, F-test, and content analysis.

The quantitative findings revealed that: 1) teachers’ overall opinions on administrators’ roles in promoting digital technology use were the highest level; 2) comparisons of teachers’ opinions classified by educational qualifications showed statistically significant differences at the .05 level, while comparisons by school size showed statistically significant differences at the .01 level both overall and in each aspect. And 3) the qualitative findings suggested for promoting digital technology use suggest that school administrators should establish policies to support basic digital skills in work practices, encourage the responsible use of technology for public benefit and community engagement through safe and appropriate online platforms, utilize digital tools for effective internal communication and coordination, manage school information in a systematic, secure, and accessible digital format.

The Loyalty of Football Fans to North Bangkok University Football Club

Sanan Amkoed — 2026-04-30

The objectives of this study were: 1) to examine the level of football fans’ loyalty toward North Bangkok University Football Club, and 2) to compare differences between personal factors and fans’ loyalty toward North Bangkok University Football Club.
The sample consisted of 400 fans of North Bangkok University Football Club, selected through convenience sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire that demonstrated high reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.987. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation,
as well as inferential statistics, including the Independent Samples t-test and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with the level of statistical significance set at .05.

The results revealed that: 1) the overall level of football fans’ loyalty toward North Bangkok University Football Club, comprising four dimensions fans’ trust, emotional attachment to the club, accessibility to the club, and behavioral loyalty was at a high level ( = 4.17). When considered by dimension, fans’ trust had the highest mean score, followed by behavioral loyalty, accessibility to the club, and emotional attachment to the club, respectively. 2) The results of hypothesis testing indicated that certain personal factors, including age, occupation, income, and marital status, significantly influenced the level of fan loyalty in some dimensions, whereas gender did not show statistically significant differences in overall fan loyalty. However, when considering overall fan loyalty, no statistically significant differences were found.

Results of Developing Thai Reading and Writing Skills of Grade 2 Students by Using PWIM Learning Management and Questioning Techniques

Kritchayaphon Inboonya — 2026-04-30

The objectives of this study were to 1) compare reading skills of Grade 2 students after receiving PWIM learning management and questioning techniques with a 70% criterion, and 2) compare writing skills of Grade 2 students after receiving PWIM learning management and questioning techniques with a 70% criterion. This research is experimental research. The samples of this research consisted of 30 Grade 2 students of Anubanprakonchai School (Amnuaykitratwittayakarn) in the first semester of the 2025 academic year, who were selected by cluster random sampling. The research instruments consisted of 1) 12 lesson plans; 2) a 20-item reading and writing skills test. Statistics used for data analysis included percentages, means, and standard deviations, and hypothesis testing using a one sample t-test.

The findings revealed that: 1) Reading skill mean score of Grade 2 students after receiving PWIM learning management and questioning techniques was 99.00 percent, statistical significantly higher than 70% threshold at the .05 level. 2) Writing skill mean score of Grade 2 students after receiving PWIM learning management and questioning techniques was 96.30 percent, statistical significantly higher than 70% threshold at the .05 level

Factors affecting political expression of people in Maha Sarakham Province

Theerawat Phunna — 2026-04-30

This study aimed (1) to examine the level of political expression among citizens in Maha Sarakham Province; (2) to investigate the factors influencing political expression among citizens in Maha Sarakham Province; and (3) to explore guidelines for developing political expression among citizens in Maha Sarakham Province. The sample consisted of 400 citizens aged 18 years and older residing in Maha Sarakham Province in 2025, selected using Taro Yamane’s formula. The research instrument was a rating-scale questionnaire. The statistical methods used for data analysis included percentages, means, frequencies, standard deviations, and multiple regression analysis.

The research findings revealed that (1) the overall level of political expression among citizens in Maha Sarakham Province was high. (2) The factors influencing political expression included socioeconomic factors, education and information-related factors, and political consciousness factors. These variables jointly explained 53.70 percent of the variance in political expression, with statistical significance at the .05 level. (3) The guidelines for developing political expression among citizens in Maha Sarakham Province comprised promoting political participation through the enhancement of political knowledge and the provision of transparent and accountable digital participation channels; developing digital political behavior by strengthening media literacy skills and establishing digital citizen networks; articulating political demands based on legal rights and freedoms in conjunction with the use of online channels and peaceful negotiation mechanisms; fostering political support grounded in public values and the public interest, accompanied by mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating compliance with social contracts; advancing public policy by enhancing skills in policy analysis and presentation through the use of applications, digital platforms.

The Present Situation and Inheritance of Guizhou Liupanshui Xiaohuamiao Drama in Chinese Traditional Minority Culture

Zhou Zheng — 2026-04-30

The traditional culture of China's ethnic minorities is an integral component of traditional Chinese culture. It encompasses rich and vibrant elements such as language, art, customs, and religion, constituting a radiant gem within the treasury of Chinese national culture. XiaoHua Miao drama in Liupanshui, Guizhou Province stands as a treasure of traditional Chinese minority culture with its unique artistic allure and profound cultural significance. Through historical research, field investigations, and literature studies, the author delves deeply into the current state of Miao drama among the Xiaohua people. The findings reveal that Miao drama confronts numerous challenges including dwindling inheritors, declining audiences, and vanishing traditional skills. Nevertheless, efforts by local governments and non-governmental organizations have enabled certain areas to sustain vitality while innovating their methods of preservation. Emphasizing the training of inheritors is paramount to encouraging greater participation from minority compatriots and the public in preserving XiaoHua Miao drama. Additionally, integrating costumes and languages into XiaoHua Miao drama can enhance public identification and involvement. Lastly, combining XiaoHua Miao drama with contemporary theater in three-dimensional ways using modern technological means for recording and dissemination can promote its presence in schools, communities, and beyond. Only through these measures can this invaluable national cultural heritage radiate new vigor in the modern era while contributing to enriching China's diverse cultural tapestry.

Effectiveness of Public Service Provision That Affects the Satisfaction of the People in Napho Subdestrict Municipality, Napho District, Buriram Province

Pawarisa Porndeema — 2026-04-30

This research aims to 1) study the level of effectiveness of public service provision in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality, 2) study the level of satisfaction with public service provision in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality, 3) study the effectiveness of public service provision and its impact on public satisfaction in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality, and 4) study the problems, obstacles, and suggestions for public service provision in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality. The sample group consisted of 358 citizens aged 18 years and older in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality, Na Pho District, Buriram Province. Taro Yamane's formula was used to calculate the sample size. The research instrument was a Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical methods used to analyze the data included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and multiple regression analysis to analyze the effectiveness of public service provision and public satisfaction.

Results: 1) The overall level of effectiveness of public service provision in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality, Na Pho District, Buriram Province, was found to be high. 2) The overall level of public satisfaction with public service provision in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality was found to be high. 3) The effectiveness of public service provision... The study found that the following factors significantly impacted public satisfaction in Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality: arts, culture, traditions; quality of life enhancement; infrastructure; community/social organization; and maintaining peace and order. These factors collectively predicted 67.40% of the variance, with statistical significance at the 0.05 level. Furthermore, suggestions regarding public services provided by Na Pho Subdistrict Municipality included: developing sufficient road infrastructure for all communities and ensuring continuous maintenance; organizing communities and improving security by installing CCTV cameras at all high-risk locations; developing welfare for vulnerable groups; promoting local arts and crafts.

Motivation for applying to become a member of the Provident Fund of Haad Thip Public Company Limited, Surat Thani Branch

Piladlak Rodsuk — 2026-04-30

The provident fund is an important savings instrument for employees in the private sector. This objectives of the study are (1) to examine the level of motivation to enroll the provident fund (2) to compare such motivation across personal factors of Hat Yai Tip Public Company Limited, Surat Thani Branch’s employee. A research design survey was conducted, with data collected from 300 employees who were members of the provident fund, drawn from a population of 896 employees. Data were gathered using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA.

The results indicate that the overall level of motivation to enroll in the provident fund was high ( = 4.05). The highest mean score was observed for confidence in the provident fund ( = 4.34), followed by investment returns ( = 4.16) and savings objectives ( = 4.08), while tax benefits recorded the lowest mean score ( = 3.60). Furthermore, statistically significant differences in motivation were found across gender, age, educational level, length of employment, department, and monthly income. In contrast, marital status and number of dependents showed no significant differences. These findings suggest that organizations should design communication strategies and promotional activities that emphasize building confidence in the provident fund and tailor their approaches to suit the characteristics of different employee groups.

Developing the Ram Ton Korat Folk Dance Program: Khong Dee Korat (Bilingual Program) to Support Cultural Tourism for Both Thai and Foreign Tourists for Tourism Operators in Nakhon Ratchasima Province

Satayu Songchan — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to develop a bilingual Ram Tone Korat folk dance program, “Khong Dee Korat,” to support cultural tourism for Thai and foreign tourists in Nakhon Ratchasima Province for tourism operators in Nakhon Ratchasima province. The objectives of the study were: (1) to study and analyze foundational data for designing a bilingual Ram Tone Korat program for Thai and foreign tourists in Nakhon Ratchasima Province for tourism operators in Nakhon Ratchasima province; (2) to develop a bilingual Ram Tone Korat folk dance program for Thai and foreign tourists in Nakhon Ratchasima Province for tourism operators in Nakhon Ratchasima province; and (3) to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of the developed program. The participants consisted of 35 Thai and foreign tourists. The research instruments included a knowledge test on the Khong Dee Korat Ram Tone folk dance and a satisfaction questionnaire regarding the bilingual Ram Tone Korat folk dance program. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and percentage.

The findings revealed that: (1) the analysis of foundational data indicated that the program should emphasize simple and enjoyable participatory activities, particularly singing along with basic dance movements. The program should also incorporate video media with Thai lyrics and karaoke-style subtitles for foreign tourists; (2) the developed bilingual Ram Tone Korat folk dance program consisted of three phases: Phase 1: pre-program preparation, Phase 2: Implementation of the Ram Tone program, and Phase 3: Post-program activities featuring photo-taking activities in a “snap-and-share” format, and (3) The results of the program implementation revealed that, after participating in the program, tourists’ knowledge of Ram Tone Korat reached 80.30 percent. In addition, tourists’ overall satisfaction with the program was at the highest level. When satisfaction was considered by individual aspects, all aspects were also rated at the highest level.

Action Research to Develop Creative Writing Ability for Grade 12 Students at Ban Kruat Wittayakarn School under Buriram Secondary Educational Service Area Office

Prontip Thangpong — 2026-04-30

This research was an action research study with two main objectives: 1) to develop the creative writing ability of grade 12 students, and 2) to study the relative growth of their creative writing ability. The target group consisted of 30 grade 12/8 students at Bankruat Witthayakharn School under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office, Buriram Province, during the first semester of the 2025 academic year. The research instruments consisted of 1) 12 lesson plans on creative writing with a total of 12 hours of instruction, 2) Five creative writing exercise books, 3) A classroom behavior observation form, and 4) A subjective creative writing ability test with one question. The statistical methods used for data analysis included percentage, mean, standard deviation, and relative growth statistics.

The findings revealed that 1) The students’ post-test mean score was higher than their pre-test mean score, with a post-test mean of 33.80 (67.60%) and a pre-test mean of 13.70 (27.40%). This indicates that the learning activities using the creative writing workbooks developed by the researcher effectively enhanced the students’ creative writing ability, 2) The analysis of the relative growth score (GS) showed that the students’ overall growth score was 55.37, which was at a high level. The 21 students (70.00%) demonstrated high-level growth, while nine students (30.00%) showed moderate-level growth. The results indicated that all students improved their creative writing ability through systematic action learning activities supported by the creative writing exercises.

Motivation for work of personnel of Maha Sarakham Provincial Administrative Organization

Suwimon Chaiyaphit — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to: (1) examine the level of work motivation among personnel of the Maha Sarakham Provincial Administrative Organization; (2) compare work motivation among personnel classified by gender, age, educational level, and position; and (3) investigate recommendations for enhancing work motivation among personnel of the Maha Sarakham Provincial Administrative Organization. The sample consisted of 167 personnel working in the Maha Sarakham Provincial Administrative Organization, selected using Taro Yamane’s formula. The research instrument was a rating-scale questionnaire. Statistical analyses included frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Independent samples t-tests were employed to compare work motivation by gender, while One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine differences based on age, educational level, and position.

The findings revealed that: (1) the overall level of work motivation among personnel of the Maha Sarakham Provincial Administrative Organization was high; (2) there were no statistically significant differences in work motivation when classified by gender, age, educational level, or position; and (3) recommendations for enhancing work motivation emphasized the systematic promotion of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This should begin with clearly defined, measurable work goals aligned with personnel capabilities, along with recognition and appreciation systems to foster pride in work achievements. Furthermore, capacity development should be supported through training programs, study visits, and job rotation to enhance experience and professional expertise. Transparent and fair performance-based compensation and promotion systems are also essential. Developing an organizational culture that values cooperation, responsibility, and equity can strengthen organizational commitment. In addition, administrators should adhere to principles of good governance, demonstrate constructive leadership, and encourage personnel participation in decision-making processes. Creating a safe, modern, and efficiency-oriented working environment.

School Administration of Directors in the VUCA World under Buriram Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Saranya Sirimak — 2026-04-30

The purpose of this research was to examine the current conditions of school administration in the disruptive era as perceived by school administrators, development guidelines for school administration in the disruptive era of school administrators, and evaluate these guidelines for school administration in the Buriram Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 during the disruptive era. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 investigated the current conditions of school administration in the disruptive era. The sample consisted of 338 school administrators and teachers. A five-point Likert-scale questionnaire was employed as the research instrument, with an index of item-objective congruence ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, a reliability coefficient of 0.98, and item discrimination indices ranging from 0.33 to 0.92. Phase 2 focused on formulating development guidelines for school administration in the disruptive era. The target group comprised five experts who participated in in-depth interviews. Phase 3 involved evaluating the proposed development guidelines. The target group included 30 school administrators and teachers, and a five-point Likert-scale assessment form was used to measure the suitability and feasibility of the guidelines.

The results revealed the following: The overall current conditions of school administration in the disruptive era, as perceived by school administrators and teachers, were rated at a high level. The development guidelines for school administration in the disruptive era covered four key aspects: acceptance of change, visionary administration, technological adaptation, and strategic planning, resulting in a total of 40 proposed guidelines. The evaluation of the proposed development guidelines for school administration in the disruptive era indicated that their overall suitability was rated at the highest level and their overall feasibility was likewise rated at the highest level.

Service Quality of the Quality-of-life Development Center for the Elderly in Bueng Yitho Municipality, Thanyaburi District, Pathum Thani Province

Phaschanokphan Anuchatchai — 2026-04-30

This research aims to (1) examine the service provision and support systems of the Quality of Life Development Center for the Elderly; and (2) evaluate the service quality of the center within Bueng Yitho Municipality, Thanyaburi District, Pathum Thani Province. Employing a qualitative research methodology, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 108 key informants and participant observations of 350 center members. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis based on the SERVQUAL service quality framework, with results presented through descriptive analysis.

The research findings are as follows: 1) Bueng Yitho Municipality has successfully integrated holistic elderly care through the mechanism of “Five Specialized Health Clinics” in collaboration with Day Care centers and modern Quality of Life Development Centers. Driven by multi-disciplinary teams and institutional networks, these centers provide rehabilitation, recreation, and vocational training tailored to individual needs in a systematic manner. 2) While the elderly reported high levels of satisfaction and sustained confidence in the care system, the research highlights structural constraints affecting accessibility. Significant barriers include transportation costs, safety concerns, and household economic limitations, which impede participation among certain groups of elderly residents. And the policy recommendations suggest that the municipality should accelerate the development of proactive care mechanisms integrated with Specialized Mobility Support. Addressing transportation barriers and reducing inequality in service access are essential for enhancing the quality of life for the elderly in a comprehensive and sustainable manner.

Motivation level of coordinators in the Siao River Basin Production Savings Group

Natthaphon Anusat — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to: (1) examine the level of work motivation among coordinators of the Siwo River Basin Production Savings Groups; (2) compare the work motivation of these coordinators according to gender, educational level, and work experience; and (3) investigate recommendations for enhancing work motivation among coordinators of the Siwo River Basin Production Savings Groups. This study employed a quantitative research design. The sample consisted of 246 coordinators from the Siwo River Basin Production Savings Groups, selected using Yamane’s sample size determination formula. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Inferential statistics included an independent samples t-test to compare work motivation by gender, and one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) to compare work motivation by educational level and work experience.

The findings revealed that: (1) the overall level of work motivation among coordinators of the Siow River Basin Production Savings Groups was high; (2) coordinators with different genders and educational levels did not exhibit statistically significant differences in work motivation, whereas those with different levels of work experience demonstrated significant differences in work motivation at the .05 level; and (3) recommendations for enhancing work motivation emphasized a systematic and multidimensional approach. Key strategies included establishing clear and measurable work goals, implementing recognition and reward systems alongside positive performance appraisal to foster pride and a sense of ownership, promoting a culture of respect, providing opportunities for performance presentation and participation in decision-making, assigning challenging roles aligned with competencies and transparent accountability systems, developing continuous career pathways and capacity-building programs, introducing mentoring systems and fair compensation, enhancing welfare benefits, strengthening teamwork, encouraging open communication, and adopting participatory management practices within a supportive, stable, and conducive working environment.

Application of the Four Divine Abodes for the Administration of Buddhist Temple Charity Schools

PhraKhru Chairattanakorn — 2026-04-30

All types of management require key management factors or resources: personnel (Man), budget (Money), materials and equipment (Material), and management (Management), or abbreviated as the 4M's. These are considered the fundamental factors used in management This research aimed to: 1) study the application of the Four Divine Abodes to the management of Buddhist temple charity schools; 2) compare the application of the Four Divine Abodes to the management of Buddhist temple charity schools, classified by gender, age, and work experience; and 3) study the management approaches of Buddhist temple charity schools based on the Four Divine Abodes. The sample group consisted of 245 administrators and teachers from Buddhist temple charity schools in the Northeastern region. The instrument was a questionnaire with a five-point rating scale, with content validity ranging from 0.80 to 1.00 and a reliability of 0.97. Statistics used for data analysis included percentages, means, and standard deviations. Hypothesis testing included t-tests and one-way ANOVAs.

The results revealed: 1) The overall and individual application of the Four Divine Abodes was high; 2) Comparisons by gender, age, and work experience showed significant differences overall at the .05 level; and 3) Management approaches in conceptual skills were significantly different. Executives should be able to analyze the potential of every subordinate in the organization, set clear goals based on success. In terms of human relations skills, executives should allow school personnel to participate in decision-making, be friendly, and work like colleagues. They should understand the principles of good governance. In terms of technical skills, executives should be encouraged to have knowledge and understanding of the use of various techniques and methods for effective and systematic management. They should use appropriate and creative methods and assignments.

Public Participation in the Preparation of the Local Development Plan of Ban Yang Subdistrict Municipality Lamtamenchai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province

Kriangkrai Pongthaisong — 2026-04-30

The objectives of this study were: 1) to examine the level of public opinions regarding citizens’ participation in the formulation of the local development plan of Ban Yang Subdistrict Municipality, Lam Thamenchai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province; and 2) to investigate opinions and suggestions concerning citizens’ participation in the formulation of the local development plan in the same area. This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The quantitative component used a sample of 357 respondents, with the sample size determined based on the Krejcie and Morgan table. The qualitative component involved 17 key informants selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using an inductive approach.

The findings revealed that: 1) The overall level of citizens’ participation in the formulation of the local development plan of Ban Yang Subdistrict Municipality was at a high level in all dimensions. 2) The comparison of citizens’ participation in the formulation of the local development plan, classified by personal factors, showed no statistically significant differences at the .05 level. And 3) regarding opinions and suggestions, it was recommended that the municipality should provide greater opportunities for citizens to participate in reviewing municipal projects through village public forums and/or local council meetings. This would enable citizens to jointly engage in the management and protection of local resources and public benefits, as well as enhance the completeness of the local development plan, thereby ensuring that it more effectively and efficiently responds to the needs of the public.

The integrated driving of collaboration among network partners for the development of CBT-SE innovative tourism communities based on the BCG economic concept: A case study of Chiang Waet Subdistrict, Kumphawapi District, Udon Thani Province

Surapong Sangranoo — 2026-04-30

This research aims to study the mechanisms of integrated driving through the collaboration of network partners in developing innovative community-based tourism (CBT) in conjunction with social enterprises, grounded in the Bio-Circular-Green (BCG) economy concept. The case study focuses on Chiang Wae Subdistrict, Kumphawapi District, Udon Thani Province. The study employed a qualitative research methodology combined with participatory action research (PAR). Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participatory observation, and workshops involving stakeholders, including community members, local administrative organizations, government agencies, the private sector, academia, and tourists. Data analysis was conducted using content and thematic analysis, with triangulation techniques applied to ensure credibility.

The findings revealed that Chiang Wae Subdistrict possesses community capital in the form of natural resources, culture, and local wisdom, which can be upgraded into tourism products and activities that align with BCG principles and sustainable development goals. A mechanism was developed to link local bio-based resources with scientific standard systems through collaborative networks involving universities and scientific agencies. Key actors include community groups and enterprises, local government organizations, research institutions and universities, and private sector or business networks. These stakeholders co-designed products, developed standards, and expanded marketing channels through a cooperative governance approach and tangible network management. The study proposes key components of integrated driving mechanisms that can be applied to other community-based tourism areas aiming to develop CBT-SE based on the BCG economy.

Quality of Life Among People in Khok Khamint Municipality Administrative Organization, Amphoe Phlapphla Chai, Buriram Province

Wararat Paenprakhon — 2026-04-30

Improving the quality of life of the people is an important issue that reflects the stability and progress of society. This must cover health, economy, society, and the environment, while the quality of life is what human beings desire. The objectives of this research were 1) to study the level of quality of life of the people in the municipality of Khok Khamin Sub-district, Phlapphla Chai District, Buriram Province and 2) to study the differences in the quality of life of the people in the municipality. and 3) to provide policy suggestions to improve the quality of life of the people in the municipality of Khok Khamin Sub-district, Phlapphla Chai District, Buriram Province. The sample group used in the study was people in the municipality of Khok Khamin Sub-district, Phlapphla Chai District, Buriram Province. The sample consisted of 384 people, determined using Yamane’s formula. The tools used in the research were questionnaires, with a confidence value of 0.92. The statistical methods used for data analysis included percentages, means, and standard deviations.

The results showed that 1) the level of quality of life of the people in Khok Khamin Sub-district Municipality, Phlapphla Chai District, Buriram Province as a whole was very high. Khok Khamin sub-district by different groups, including gender, age, occupation, and average monthly income, classified by demographic factors. 3) Policy recommendations to improve the quality of life of the people in the municipality of Khok Khamin Sub-district, Phlapphla Chai District, Buriram Province It was found that government agencies, especially local government organizations in the area of responsibility, should promote all aspects of activities, including physical, mental, social and environmental aspects, in order to create relationships with all people so that the people feel that their quality of life has been improved comprehensively.

Development of a teaching model based on constructivist theory integrated with electronic books to enhance advanced science process skills for Grade 12 students

ANICHAPHAT MAHAWACHIRAPHORG — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to 1) studied basic information for developing a teaching model; 2) created and verify the quality of a teaching model to achieve an efficiency of 80/80; and 3) evaluated the use of a teaching model. The sample group consisted of 40 Grade 12 students from Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) Samutprakan School, Semester 1, Academic Year 2025, obtained by cluster random sampling. The research tools included learning management plans, achievement tests, advanced science process skills tests, and student satisfaction questionnaires regarding the teaching model. The statistics used included mean, standard deviation, and dependent t-test statistics.

The research results found that 1) The teaching model is called "PRESENT Model", There are 7 steps in the learning process: Step 1: Prepare; Step 2: Review; Step 3: Electronic book; Step 4: Share; Step 5: Execute; Step 6: New knowledge and Step 7: Thinking Apply. The efficiency value is 80.25/81.33, in line with the specified criteria of 80/80. 2) The academic achievement in chemistry of Grade 12 students who studied with the PRESENT Model after studying was significantly higher than before studying at the .01 level. 3) The advanced science process skills of Grade 12 students who studied with the PRESENT Model after studying was significantly higher than before studying at the .01 level.

The Development of Analytical Thinking Skills through STEM Education Integrated with Augmented Reality Technology for Grade five Students

Ampaporn Sumalee — 2026-04-30

This action research aimed to develop the objective is to develop the ability to think critically. By managing learning according to the STEM education approach and augmented reality technology, for grade 5 students, all students meet the criteria of 75 percent. The research followed the action research framework of Kemmis & McTaggart. The target group was grading 5 students, 5 people. The research tools included: 1) Learning management plan based on STEM education approach with augmented reality technology, 2) Analytical thinking ability test, 3) Observation of students' analytical thinking behavior, divided into 3 areas: key analysis, relationship analysis, and principal analysis. The data were analyzed using averages and percentages.

The results revealed that all students passed the 75% evaluation threshold for analytical thinking skills. Achievement of the criteria began in the second action cycle with a score of 93.85%, which further increased to 96.92% in the third action cycle. These results significantly exceeded the researchers' predefined 75% threshold. In conclusion, STEM education learning management combined with augmented reality technology can continuously improve students' ability to think critically.

Early Globalization History: The Silk Road and Cultural Exchange between East and West

Nawawee Arawan — 2026-04-30

This study aims to examine the role of the Silk Road as a key mechanism of early globalization, focusing on the processes of cultural exchange between the Eastern and Western worlds through the movement of goods, people, beliefs, and knowledge from antiquity to the medieval period. The research methodology is documentary research, relying on primary and secondary sources such as chronicles, travel accounts, and world-historical studies. Data were analyzed using content analysis and historical comparative methods.

The findings show that the Silk Road was not merely a trade network but a space of cultural interaction that facilitated the spread of religions: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, the transmission of technologies such as papermaking, gunpowder, and the compass, and the exchange of artistic forms and social patterns that coalesced into pluralistic civilizations. The study indicates that globalization is not solely a modern phenomenon but has deep roots in the premodern era, with the Silk Road serving as a crucial prototype of early global networks. This research suggests that understanding the Silk Road as a process of pre-modern globalization offers a new perspective on world history by emphasizing cross-cultural contact rather than regionally isolated narratives, and can be applied comparatively to the study of contemporary globalization phenomena.

Developing Temple to Buddhist Learning Resource from Cultural Capital of Community: Case Study Ancient Phawaet Cloth, Watpasakdaram, Thamuang Sub-district, Selaphum District, ROI Et Province

snan prasert — 2026-04-30

This research article aims to: 1) study the ancient Phra Wet cloth mural at Pa Sakdaram Temple, Tha Muang Subdistrict, Selaphum District, Roi Et Province; 2) synthesize Buddhist way-of-life knowledge from the ancient Phra Wet cloth mural at Pa Sakdaram Temple, Tha Muang Subdistrict, Selaphum District, Roi Et Province; and 3) develop a database of Buddhist way-of-life knowledge derived from the ancient Phra Wet cloth mural at Pa Sakdaram Temple, Tha Muang Subdistrict, Selaphum District, Roi Et Province. This study employed qualitative research methodology. The research site was Pa Sakdaram Temple in Tha Muang Subdistrict, Selaphum District, Roi Et Province. The target group consisted of 25 monks and lay participants. The research instrument was an interview form. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using descriptive methods.

The findings revealed that the ancient Phra Wet cloth mural of Pa Sakdaram Temple, Roi Et Province, is a valuable cultural heritage item, presumed to have been created between 1921 and 1928 CE (B.E. 2464–2471). Painted with powdered pigments on cotton fabric, it narrates the 13 chapters of the Vessantara Jataka in a realist artistic style reflecting the historical context of the reign of King Rama VI. In terms of value, this Phra Wet cloth functions as both a “Dhamma teaching medium” and a “mobile art gallery,” linking beliefs in the perfection of generosity (dāna pāramī) and rebirth in the era of Maitreya Buddha with the Isan way of life. The paintings also record social evidence, including the rich environment of the Himmapan forest and concrete aspects of daily life such as agriculture, communal labor exchange, and traditional folk games. The synthesized Buddhist way-of-life knowledge includes generosity, governance, love, and ways of living. The researcher organized the knowledge database into a table based on the categories of knowledge obtained from the study.

Cultural Perspective: The Role of Driving Schools in Creating Safety Awareness

Jintara Sa-Nguanphan — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to: 1) study the historical background of driving schools, and 2) examine guidelines for applying cultural perspectives in ways that benefit society and the nation. The informants were selected through purposive sampling and consisted of three groups: 1) the key informants, who were individuals possessing in-depth knowledge regarding the history, beliefs, and cultural perspectives; 2) the practitioner group, comprising individuals who provided information on how cultural perspectives were applied for the benefit of society and the nation; and 3) the general public, including private car drivers who had never attended a driving school, regular motorcycle riders, and general road users.

This study employed a qualitative cultural research approach. The instruments used for data collection included surveys, interviews, observations, focus group discussions, and workshops. The findings revealed that: 1) driving schools played a role as social and cultural mechanisms in shaping awareness, attitudes, and behaviors related to safe, systematic, and sustainable road use within the context of Thai society; and 2) cultural perspectives served as an important foundation for sustainable development. Such perspectives needed to be systematically integrated with identity and traditional values into policies, education, communication, and community participation in ways that were consistent with local contexts and that strengthened a sense of social ownership.

Guidelines for Internal Supervision Enhancing Quality Classroom based on Sangkhavatthus 4 in Schools of Promkhiri Education Network under Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Kesinee Meebunmak — 2026-04-30

This qualitative study aimed to: 1) examine internal supervision for quality classrooms in the Promkhiri school network, 2) develop guidelines based on Sangkhavatthu IV, and 3) evaluate these guidelines. Methodology involved in-depth interviews with 18 informants regarding current conditions and 5 regarding guidelines, followed by a focus group with 7 experts for evaluation. Data were analyzed using inductive analysis.

The findings were as follows: 1) The conditions of internal supervision for enhancing quality classrooms in the Promkhiri school network group lacked continuous supervision, insufficient teachers’ participation, unclear monitoring and evaluation systems, and limitations of time and resources which led to ineffective achievement of quality classroom development. 2) The guidelines for internal supervision to enhance quality classrooms based on Sangahavatthu 4 integrated four supervision processes with five components of quality classrooms, using the Sangahavatthu 4 as the operational framework. The application of generosity (Dana), kind speech (Peyyavajja), beneficial conduct (Atthacariya), and impartiality and consistency (Samanattata) were used for developmental supervision emphasizing on collaboration, mutual understanding, and trust between school administrators and teachers, thereby enhancing teachers’ motivation, commitment, and readiness to continuously and sustainably develop quality classrooms. 3) The presentation and evaluation of the guidelines for internal supervision to enhance quality classrooms based on Sangkhavatthus 4 were discussed by experts that they were applicable suitable because the guidelines fostered positive relationships between supervisors and supervisees, created a collegial working atmosphere, supported collaborative learning, and enabled the development of quality classrooms in a systematic, clear, and sustainable manners, ultimately contributing to the improvement of educational quality.

Special Education Management and Academic Administration of Special Education School Personnel: A Case Study of Khun Phor Ray School under the Office of the Private Education Commission

Chawalit Chompoo — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to 1) examine the level of educational management for children with special needs; 2) examine the level of academic administration; and 3) investigate the relationship between educational management for children with special needs and academic administration. The sample group consisted of 385 educational personnel, selected using the sample size determination table of Krejcie and Morgan. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The statistics used for data analysis were mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient.

The findings revealed that the overall level of educational management for children with special needs was at a relatively high level. When considered by aspect, the highest-ranked aspect was the context of special education institutions, followed by educational management for children with special needs, respectively. The overall level of academic administration was also at a relatively high level. When classified by aspect, the highest-ranked aspect was the promotion and support of rehabilitation for persons with disabilities through families and communities, followed by the promotion and support of inclusive education and parallel classroom education. The lowest-ranked aspect was educational management for children with chronic illnesses in hospitals. Regarding the relationship between educational management for children with special needs and academic administration, multiple regression analysis was employed. The results indicated that the context of special education institutions and educational management for children with special needs yielded a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.900 and were able to explain the variance in academic administration at a statistically significant level of 0.01, accounting for 90.00 percent of the variance (R² = 0.911). Furthermore, the hypothesis testing confirmed that educational management for children with special needs was significantly related to academic administration at the 0.01 level.

Strategies for Developing Knowledge in Buddhism and Philosophy at Mahamakut Buddhist University to Meet the Needs of the Digital Age Society

Phramaha Sakol Subharamedhi (Doenchaban) — 2026-04-30

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the strategies for developing knowledge in Buddhism and philosophy at Mahamakut Buddhist University to meet the needs of the digital age society, and 2) to propose guidelines for such development. The sample group consisted of 162 individuals, including administrators, faculty members, staff, and students of Mahamakut Buddhist University. The research instrument was a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire with an overall reliability coefficient of .87. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.

The research findings revealed that: 1) The overall implementation of strategies for developing knowledge in Buddhism and philosophy at Mahamakut Buddhist University to meet the needs of the digital age society was at a moderate level. Ranking the aspects by mean from highest to lowest, the preservation of arts and culture ranked highest, followed by academic services to society, while instruction and learning ranked the lowest. 2) Guidelines for developing knowledge in Buddhism and philosophy to meet the digital age's needs, ranked by frequency from highest to lowest, are as follows: First, learning and teaching assessments should be aligned with the actual learning conditions of Buddhism and philosophy. Second, there should be promotion, support, and training for individuals to become speakers or experts in Buddhism and philosophy. Lastly, there should be a systematic process for building networks to ensure the success of arts and cultural preservation initiatives.

The Tradition of Worshipping and Covering the Phra Chulamani Chedi in Rai Khing Subdistrict, Sam Phran District Nakhon Pathom Province: Public Participation in the Conservation of Local Culture

Samart Rungkittiwong — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to: 1) study the problems of the worship and robe-offering tradition of Phra Chulamani Chedi in Rai Khing Subdistrict, Sam Phran District, Nakhon Pathom Province; and 2) examine public participation in the conservation of local culture as a form of cultural wisdom heritage. The study employed a qualitative research approach. Data were collected from documentary sources and fieldwork through surveys, observations, and both structured and unstructured interviews. The key informants consisted of 16 local experts, 10 practitioners, and 6 general participants. The research instruments included observation forms and interview forms. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis.

The findings revealed that: 1) the major problem of the worship and robe-offering tradition of Phra Chulamani Chedi was the lack of coordination and cooperation between the community and related organizations in identifying problems and their causes, planning, implementation, participation in activities, as well as monitoring and evaluation. The development approach should involve participatory processes through small group meetings, joint conclusions, and discussions in order to establish appropriate development guidelines. 2) Factors contributing to unsuccessful public participation included the lack of community involvement, decreasing awareness of the importance of cultural conservation, inconsistent participation of local agencies, and insufficient public relations. The proposed development process consisted of five steps: problem analysis and synthesis within the community, planning consistent with local ways of life, activity determination, activity implementation, and evaluation. These processes contributed to the conservation and development of the tradition, strengthened the community, and enabled the dissemination of its unique cultural identity to the wider public in a sustainable manner.

The Learning Management Based on the Four Bases of Success for Teachers and Educational Personnel in Opportunity Expansion School, Roi-et Primary Educational Service Area

Wattana Chaihanam — 2026-04-30

The objective of this research was 1) To study the conditions of learning management among teachers and educational personnel in opportunity expansion schools, 2) To examine learning management approaches based on the Four Bases of Success among teachers and educational personnel in these schools, and 3) To propose guidelines for learning management based on the Four Bases of Success for teachers and educational personnel in opportunity expansion schools. This study employs a mixed-methods research design.

The results indicated that 1) Regarding the conditions of learning management, teachers and educational personnel demonstrated learning management at the highest level, reflecting systematic and quality-oriented performance. 2) In terms of learning management based on the Four Bases of Success, teachers emphasize designing activity plans that align with students’ needs and developmental levels. They act as facilitators and serve as moral role models. The instructional process focuses on hands-on learning, analytical thinking, and the exchange of ideas through instructional media suited to individual differences. Additionally, assessment systems cover knowledge (K), skills (P), and attitudes (A), using clear criteria and providing constructive feedback. 3) Regarding guidelines for learning management, activities should be organized based on learners’ interests, with a warm and safe classroom environment that encourages concentration and confidence in self-expression. Diverse learning activities should be provided, with learners taking a central role in the classroom to promote holistic development. Instructional materials and resources should be continuously developed to support high-quality learning. Furthermore, assessment methods should be varied and flexible, allowing students to engage in self- and peer-assessment, with results used to improve learning in ways that accommodate individual differences.

Development of the leadership of local politicians as needed of people in Phra Saeng District, Surat Thani Province

jaturawit srisawang — 2026-04-30

This research aims to 1) study the leadership of local politicians in Phra Saeng District, Surat Thani Province; 2) analyze the key factors in developing the leadership of local politicians based on the needs of the people in Phra Saeng District, Surat Thani Province; and 3) propose guidelines for developing the leadership of local politicians based on the needs of the people in Phra Saeng District, Surat Thani Province. A mixed-methods research approach was used. For the quantitative research, questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample of 400 persons residing in Phra Saeng District, calculated using Taro Yamane's formula. As for the qualitative research, in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data from key informants, including three local administrative organization chief executives and six community committee members in Phra Saeng District, Surat Thani Province totaling 9 participants. A semi-structured interview was designed by the researcher, reflecting the factors contributing to the development of leadership among local politicians. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were employed for qualitative data, and content analysis was used for qualitative data.

The research findings showed that 1) overall, current leadership qualities are at a high level. The most highly regarded aspect is gaining respect from the local community, while the area needing most improvement is perseverance and resilience in the face of difficulties. 2) Regarding key factors in leadership development, factor analysis identified four main components, ranked in order of importance (cumulative variance): personality (65.71%), professionalism (59.98%), management (50.25%), and participation (34.73%). 3) A guideline for developing leadership qualities among local politicians based on the needs of the people in Phra Saeng District, Surat Thani Province, was presented. The researcher proposed a 5-P Model, comprising five key aspects: Participation, Planning & Management (Administration), Personality & Integrity), Professionalism and Public Service Orientation.

Academic Administration According to the 4 Social Objects of Teachers and Educational Personnel of Prapariyatti Dhamma Schools General Education Department, Kalasin Province

Phra Maha ThongSai Worathammo (Luechailam) — 2026-04-30

The purposes of this research were: 1) to study the current conditions of academic administration of teachers and educational personnel under Phra Pariyattidhamma Schools (General Education Division) in Kalasin Province 2) to examine the methods of academic administration based on Sangahavatthu 4 Principles of teachers and educational personnel under Phra Pariyattidhamma Schools (General Education Division) in Kalasin Province and 3) to propose guidelines for academic administration based on Sangahavatthu 4 Principles of teachers and educational personnel under Phra Pariyattidhamma Schools (General Education Division) in Kalasin Province. this study employed a mixed-methods research design, integrating quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The quantitative research involved a sample of 77 teachers and educational personnel. Data were collected using opinion questionnaires and analyzed using statistical methods including mean, standard deviation, and the Priority Needs Index (PNI) to identify essential needs of educational institutions. In addition, a sample of 10 teachers was used for data collection through evaluation forms, with data analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The qualitative research consisted of content analysis of in-depth interviews with 9 experts, including specialists in educational administration and religious studies.

The research findings revealed that: 1) the overall level of academic administration based on Sangahavatthu 4 Principles of teachers and educational personnel under Phra Pariyattidhamma Schools (General Education Division) in Kalasin Province was at a high level ( = 3.71, S.D. = 0.34) 2) teachers and educational personnel with different genders, ages, educational levels, and occupations did not differ significantly in their opinions regarding academic administration based on Sangahavatthu 4 Principles at the statistical significance level of .04 and 3) the proposed guidelines for academic administration based on Sangahavatthu 4 Principles comprised Sangahavatthu 4 Principles, namely: (1) Dana, (2) Piyavaca, (3) Atthacariya, and (4) Samanattata. These principles were applied to promote academic administration in three main aspects: (1) the development of school curricula integrated with Sangahavatthu 4 Principles; (2) the development of learning processes integrated with Sangahavatthu 4 Principles; and (3) measurement, evaluation, and credit transfer operations.

The Application of Good Governance Principles to Enhance Fiscal Management Efficiency of Sub-district Municipalities in Kamala Sai District, Kalasin Province

Weerapong Kammoon — 2026-04-30

การวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ (1) ศึกษาระดับการใช้หลักธรรมาภิบาล (2) เปรียบเทียบความคิดเห็นจำแนกตามเพศ อายุ และระดับการศึกษา และ (3) ศึกษาปัจจัยของหลักธรรมาภิบาลที่มีผลต่อประสิทธิภาพการบริหารงานคลัง เป็นการวิจัยเชิงปริมาณ กลุ่มตัวอย่างจำนวน 260 คน ได้มาโดยวิธีการเลือกแบบเจาะจงและการสุ่มแบบโควตา เครื่องมือที่ใช้คือแบบสอบถาม มีค่าความเชื่อมั่นเท่ากับ 0.90 วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลด้วยสถิติเชิงพรรณนา ได้แก่ ร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน และสถิติเชิงอนุมาน ได้แก่ t-test, One-way ANOVA และการวิเคราะห์ถดถอยพหุคูณ

ผลการวิจัยพบว่า (1) การใช้หลักธรรมาภิบาลโดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก โดยทุกด้านอยู่ในระดับมาก ได้แก่ หลักนิติธรรม หลักคุณธรรม หลักความโปร่งใส หลักความรับผิดชอบ หลักความคุ้มค่า และหลักการมีส่วนร่วม (2) เพศและอายุไม่มีผลต่อความคิดเห็นต่อการใช้หลักธรรมาภิบาลอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ ขณะที่ระดับการศึกษามีผลอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 และ (3) หลักธรรมาภิบาลทั้ง 6 ด้านมีอิทธิพลต่อประสิทธิภาพการบริหารงานคลังอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 โดยสามารถร่วมกันอธิบายความแปรปรวนได้ร้อยละ 87.60 ทั้งนี้ หลักความคุ้มค่ามีอิทธิพลมากที่สุด รองลงมา ได้แก่ หลักนิติธรรม และหลักความรับผิดชอบ

ผลการวิจัยชี้ให้เห็นว่า การนำหลักธรรมาภิบาลมาใช้ในการบริหารงานคลังมีบทบาทสำคัญในการยกระดับประสิทธิภาพการดำเนินงานของเทศบาลตำบล โดยเฉพาะด้านความคุ้มค่าและการปฏิบัติตามกฎหมาย ซึ่งช่วยให้การใช้ทรัพยากรสาธารณะเกิดประโยชน์สูงสุด โปร่งใส และตรวจสอบได้

Teachers' Use of Technology for Buddhist-Based Instructional Management in General Education Pariyattitham Schools, Kalasin Province

Phramaha Chatpat Samajaro (Puensantia) — 2026-04-30

This research article aimed to: (1) study the conditions of technology use in teaching and learning among teachers in Pariyattitham Schools, General Education Division, in Kalasin Province; (2) examine the methods of using technology in teaching and learning based on Buddhist principles among teachers in Pariyattitham Schools, General Education Division, in Kalasin Province; and (3) propose guidelines for using technology in teaching and learning according to Buddhist principles in Pariyattitham Schools, General Education Division, in Kalasin Province. The study employed a mixed-methods approach using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The population consisted of 95 monks/teachers, and the qualitative target group included 9 participants. Statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean (), and standard deviation (SD.) to analyze and describe the characteristics of the questionnaire data.

The results revealed that: (1) the overall condition of technology use in teaching and learning was at a moderate level (= 3.50, SD.= 0.33); (2) the methods of using technology in teaching and learning based on Buddhist principles, particularly the Seven Sappurisadhamma, included using technology to create learning media (Dhammaññutā), using simulation programs to demonstrate outcomes (Atthaññutā), self-assessment through e-portfolios (Attaññutā), using applications for time management (Mattāññutā), planning with digital calendars (Kālaññutā), building learning networks (Parisaññutā), and using learner data to adjust teaching plans (Puggalaññutā); and (3) the guidelines for applying technology in teaching and learning based on Buddhist principles included using technology to promote morality and ethics, applying technology in ways consistent with the Vinaya discipline, developing teachers based on Buddhist principles, and using technology mindfully, wisely, and appropriately in accordance with the context of Pariyattitham Schools.

Public Service Provision of Maha Sarakham Municipality Mueang District, Maha Sarakham Province

Anusorn Dechburum — 2026-04-30

This study on public service provision by Mahasarakham Municipality, Mueang District, Maha Sarakham Province aimed to: (1) examine the level of public service provision; (2) compare public service provision based on citizens’ personal factors, including gender, age, education level, and occupation; and (3) explore recommendations for improving public service provision. The research employed a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 397 residents within the municipal area, determined using Yamane’s formula and proportional sampling. Data were collected a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics, namely t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The findings revealed that: (1) the overall level of public service provision by Mahasarakham Municipality was high; (2) there were no statistically significant differences in citizens’ perceptions of public service provision across gender, age, education level, and occupation; and (3) recommendations for improving public service provision emphasize an integrated approach, including the enhancement of infrastructure, public health, education, public safety, community economy, and environmental management, alongside cultural preservation, in order to improve quality of life and strengthen the community sustainably.

Model for Building Good Citizenship Awareness in Students with the Principle of Sovereignty 3

Adisak Tumanan — 2026-04-30

This research aims to 1) study the level of good citizenship awareness among students based on the Three Principles of Sovereignty and 2) synthesize a conceptual model for cultivating good citizenship awareness among students based on the Three Principles of Sovereignty. This research employed a quantitative research methodology. The sample consisted of 66 lower secondary school students from schools under the Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. The researcher used multi-stage sampling to obtain a sample size of 66 students, based on the Krejcie and Morgan table (R.V. Krejcie & D.W. Morgan). Data was collected using questionnaires. Statistical analysis included percentages, means, and standard deviations.

The research results found that: The model for developing good citizenship awareness among students using the three aspects of sovereignty, overall, is at a high level. Considering each aspect individually, they can be ranked from highest to lowest average value as follows: Aspect 3, Dharmacracy (prioritizing righteousness, goodness, and reason), followed by Aspect 2, Globalism (prioritizing the popularity of the masses), and least likely, Aspect 1, Autocracy (prioritizing oneself). Broken down by aspect, Aspect 1, Autocracy (prioritizing oneself), is at a high level overall; Aspect 2, Globalism (prioritizing the popularity of the masses), is at a high level overall; and Aspect 3, Dharmacracy (prioritizing righteousness, goodness, and reason), is at a high level overall.

Administration of Media Technology for Educational in the Digital Based on Saraniyadhamma Vi Principles of Network Center 5 Jaturapoom Srivichaya School Under Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Julalak Srisuk — 2026-04-30

This research aims to 1) examine the current state of educational technology management in the digital age within Education Network Center 5 Juturapoom Srivichaya under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 2) identify management guidelines based on the Six Saraniyadhamma and 3) propose and evaluate these management guidelines. This qualitative study utilized in-depth interviews with15 stakeholders and 5 key informants, followed by a focus group discussion with 7 experts. Data were analyzed using inductive reasoning and focus group evaluation.

The findings revealed that 1) Current State: While schools have planning and support systems for technology, they face disorganized management and misaligned strategic plans. Professional development lacks continuity and focuses too heavily on theory over practice. Furthermore, deteriorating equipment and a “digital divide” between different age groups of staff hinder overall efficiency. 2) Management Guidelines: Technology management should integrate the Six Saraniyadhamma across five core areas: Planning, Personnel Development, Directing, Resource Allocation, and Learning Management. This involves a three-step process: building understanding, implementation, and evaluation. By fostering a positive atmosphere through kindness, effective communication, positive thinking, sharing, transparency, and participation, administrators can transition into “facilitators” who empower teachers to use technology confidently. 3) Evaluation: Experts confirmed that the proposed management guidelines are appropriate, feasible, and beneficial for educational institutions in the digital era.

The Application of Digital Media for Public Relations and Promotion of Tourism Routes in Tak Special Economic Zone, Mea Ramat District, Tak Province

Chakkapan Wongrerkdee — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to study, design, and develop promotional media for tourism routes within the Tak Special Economic Zone (SEZ), specifically focusing on Mae Ramat District, Tak Province. The methodology involved collecting spatial data from local tourist attractions, which were then analyzed to design comprehensive tourism routes and develop promotional media based on multi-platform communication design principles. The study also evaluated user satisfaction among a target group of 384 tourists, selected via purposive sampling, who utilized the developed media.

The research findings are summarized as follows: (1) Identification of Attractions: The study identified seven primary tourist destinations in the Mae Ramat SEZ: 1) Khun Pha Wo National Park, 2) Wat Don Kaeo, 3) Mae Talo Waterfront, 4) Ban Tin That Monastery, 5) Huai Pla Kong/Mokkhala Cave, 6) Ban Pa Rai Nuea Homestay, and 7) Wisdom Field Resort & Spa. (2) Route Design: Based on the gathered spatial data, one primary tourism route was designed, strategically connecting all seven identified locations within Mae Ramat District. (3) Media Development: A “gardener” mascot was designed to serve as an interactive intermediary between users and the promotional content. This media was implemented via a web application, which functions as a central database for tourism information in the district. (4) Satisfaction Evaluation: The overall satisfaction toward the developed promotional media was at the “Highest” level, with a mean score of = 4.55 and a standard deviation (S.D.) of 0.376.

The Official Information Act and the Enhancement of Law Enforcement Effectiveness in Thai Society

Chacattrai Rayasawath — 2026-04-30

Effective law enforcement constitutes a fundamental mechanism through which the state maintains social order, ensures justice, and strengthens public trust in governance. However, within the context of Thailand’s digital society, the effectiveness of law enforcement can no longer rely solely on statutory authority. Rather, it increasingly depends on transparency, accountability, and citizens’ access to public information as essential supporting conditions. This article pursues two primary objectives: (1) to examine the role and causal mechanisms of Thailand’s Official Information Act in enhancing the effectiveness of law enforcement, and (2) to propose policy and practical approaches for improving governmental information disclosure systems in ways that facilitate high-quality law enforcement. From a policy perspective, the first priority concerns the development of proactive digital standards and mechanisms for public information disclosure. Government agencies should establish unified criteria regarding data categories, presentation formats, and disclosure timelines for law enforcement–related information, alongside integrated digital platforms that support systematic proactive disclosure. Such reforms would address delays and fragmentation in existing information systems, thereby increasing transparency, reducing ambiguity in the exercise of administrative discretion, and strengthening the capacity of citizens to monitor governmental performance. The second priority involves establishing a coordinated and institutionalized oversight framework for public information governance. A dedicated supervisory mechanism should be created to standardize interpretations of disclosure exemptions, monitor compliance across relevant agencies, and ensure an appropriate balance between transparency, national security, and personal data protection. This integrated governance structure would enhance the credibility of law enforcement processes while promoting sustainable digital-era governance in Thailand.

The Interpretation on Moral Teaching in Ritual of Funeral

Phrakhru Pariyattisutthikun — 2026-04-30

This academic article aims to interpret philosophical Dharma within the funeral ritual known as Songsakarn (cremation rites). It finds that this ritual is an act of paying respect to the deceased, expressing gratitude, remembrance, and honor, with the intention of guiding the departed soul toward a higher realm, such as heaven or a celestial abode. The ritual reflects the moral principle of gratitude (katanyu) and the repayment of kindness to benefactors (parents and elders). The practice of bathing the corpse is based on the belief that the body becomes impure and decayed after death; therefore, coconut water—considered pure and elevated—is used to cleanse the body, symbolically aiding the soul’s transition to a favorable rebirth. This demonstrates that death is not merely a biological end, but a social phenomenon that connects gratitude toward ancestors with beliefs about the afterlife and heaven. Through symbolic analysis, especially in the bathing ritual and the use of coconut water, the process represents purification from physical impurity in preparation for a higher spiritual state. Religious and philosophical interpretations transform abstract moral teachings into concrete practices, reinforced by funeral chants that remind participants of impermanence. Thus, the ritual functions as a “cultural language” that helps people cope with loss, fosters social unity, and marks the transition of the deceased. In conclusion, Songsakarn serves as an ethical mechanism that encourages the living to live mindfully and continue the moral values passed down from their ancestors.

Guidelines for Educational Institution Administration Based on Results-Based Management (RBM) Integrating Iddhipada 4 Principles Deconstructing Structures towards a New Balance of Sustainable Excellence

Thanawat Boontun — 2026-04-30

Changes in the 21st century have compelled the Thai education system to adapt for quality enhancement, utilizing Results-Based Management (RBM) as a primary tool. However, practical implementation reveals that an overemphasis on quantitative indicators and rigid documentation systems leads to stress, dehumanizes the process, and becomes an operational constraint for educational personnel. Therefore, this academic article aims to propose an educational administration approach that creates a balance between system efficiency and personnel well-being by integrating Western management science with Eastern Buddhist philosophy. This article employs conceptual synthesis as its research method.

The conceptual synthesis reveals that elevating RBM towards sustainable achievement requires a paradigm shift from external control to building internal driving forces. Consequently, the author presents new knowledge through the Buddhist RBM Model, comprising a four-dimensional mechanism: 1) utilizing Chanda to build psychological contracts and shared visions during planning, 2) employing Viriya to drive operations with wise effort, 3) applying Citta to foster mindfulness and supportive supervision during monitoring, and 4) using Vimamsa for reflection and review in evaluation. A new dynamic balance of sustainable excellence can be achieved when educational institutions concretely integrate the strength of the evaluation system with the spiritual values of their personnel.

Thailand’s Military Posture under China–U.S. Strategic Competition: An Analysis through Engagement Theory and the Hedging Strategy Framework

Thanee Thungthong — 2026-04-30

This article aims to analyze Thailand’s military posture under the strategic competition between China and the United States by linking the Thailand–Cambodia conflict with the role of the Thai military as an instrument of state security. The study employs a qualitative research approach through documentary analysis of academic literature, security policy documents, and studies related to Thailand’s military relations with China and the United States. The analysis is guided by Linkage Theory to explain the connections among factors at multiple levels, including the structure of the international political system, the regional level, and the national level. This framework is combined with the concept of Hedging Strategy to explain the policy behavior of middle powers under the pressures of great-power competition. The findings indicate that Thailand’s military posture is not merely a response to structural competition between China and the United States but is shaped by the interaction between systemic pressures and regional security dynamics, particularly the Thailand–Cambodia conflict, which serves as an important linkage factor in determining Thailand’s security priorities. Thailand’s behavior reflects a hedging strategy through maintaining flexible military relations with both China and the United States without entering into rigid alliance commitments. In policy terms, the article proposes that Thailand should pursue active neutrality and utilize the military as a mechanism for strategic risk management through three policy directions: (1) developing domestic defense industries to reduce dependence on foreign arms procurement and enhance Thailand’s long-term strategic autonomy; (2) promoting multilateral security cooperation through regional frameworks; and (3) strengthening strategic intelligence systems and threat assessment capabilities in order to monitor the dynamics of great-power competition and adjust national security policies accordingly. These approaches, together with the adoption of a multi-level security policy framework, are consistent with Thailand’s status as a middle power and help preserve strategic flexibility amid the uncertainties of great-power competition.

Retirement Law and the Mandatory Retirement Age of 65 in Thailand: A Comparison with Japan

Kristhyada Kerdlapphon — 2026-04-30

Thailand and Japan are both facing rapid demographic change, declining birth rates, and increasing pressure on public pension systems. In Thailand, recent legal and policy discussions have focused on extending the mandatory retirement age of civil servants from 60 to 65. This reform has increasingly been considered a reasonable policy response to labor shortages and the need to retain experienced personnel in public administration. Japan, as one of the most aged societies in the world, has long developed a different approach that combines mandatory retirement, reemployment systems, and incentives for older workers to continue working. This article examines the legal framework of mandatory retirement in Thailand, with particular attention to the proposal to raise the retirement age to 65. It analyzes the historical development of retirement rules, current legal provisions, and the policy reasons behind retirement-age reform. The article also examines Japan’s retirement system, focusing on the Act on Employment Security of Elderly Persons and the reemployment, or shokutaku, system. Through comparative analysis, this article highlights key differences between the two countries in terms of legal structure, employment status after retirement, and the flexibility of labor policy. This article argues that Thailand should extend the retirement age to 65 in response to demographic aging and potential labor shortages in the public sector. Although such reform may raise certain concerns, demographic changes and developments in comparative legal systems suggest that this policy direction is reasonable. Nevertheless, the extension should be implemented together with appropriate supporting measures and a carefully designed legal framework in order to maintain a proper balance between administrative efficiency and the protection of public officials’ rights. In this respect, retirement age reform should also take into account the institutional and social context of Thailand. A carefully designed legal framework would help ensure that such reform contributes not only to administrative efficiency but also to the long-term sustainability of the public administration system and the further development of the legal structure governing public employment.

Teachers’ Debt: An Obstacle to the Efficiency of Thai Education

Sanook Singmart — 2026-04-30

This academic article proposes that teachers’ debt is an obstacle to the effectiveness of Thailand’s education system. The issue can be analyzed under several important conceptual frameworks, including motivation theory, quality of work life theory, and job stress theory. These frameworks help explain that teachers’ debt is not merely a personal economic problem; rather, it represents a systemic factor that affects the efficiency of educational management and the overall quality of national education. The article intends to present policy recommendations suggesting that the resolution of teachers’ debt problems should be implemented through an integrated approach in four dimensions: 1) Systemic prevention (administrative management), 2) Structural reform (policy level), 3) Quality-of-life management (practical implementation), and 4) Cultivating a value-based financial culture (instilling sustainable financial values for the future). The theoretical proposition of this article emphasizes that teachers’ financial stability is a foundational factor for educational effectiveness. This perspective elevates the issue of teachers’ debt from being viewed merely as an economic concern to being understood as a systemic mechanism that directly influences the sustainable quality of Thailand’s education system.

Using Queer Theory to Analyze Public Policy in Thailand

Kornphanat Chanachon — 2026-04-30

This article aims to analyze public policy in Thailand through the framework of Queer Theory, focusing on how concepts of gender and gender diversity play a role in shaping and evaluating public policy. The purpose is to propose new approaches for understanding and developing policies that promote fairness and prevent discrimination in Thai society.The analytical framework of this academic article draws on Michel Foucault’s ideas on power and discourse, which explain how sexual orientation and gender identities are constructed through mechanisms of knowledge and state institutions (Foucault, 1978). It is complemented by Judith Butler’s concept of gender performativity, which views gender as the result of repeated actions under social norms rather than a fixed essence (Butler, 1990). In addition, the article references Michael Warner’s critique of heteronormativity to explain how heterosexual relationships have been established as the standard in laws and policies (Warner, 1993).

The findings indicate that Thai public policies across multiple dimensions such as family law, the civil registration system, education policy, and access to healthcare services reflect binary gender assumptions (male/female) and a heteronormative family structure. However, the enactment of the Marriage Equality Act represents a significant development in challenging these norms at the structural level of law. The article argues that although marriage law reform marks an important milestone, broader structural changes must be extended to other policy areas in order to achieve genuine gender equality.

Civic Power and Local Governance: Strengthening Communities Through Integrated Participatory Processes

Nanthaphan Kodkong — 2026-04-30

This article presents strategic approaches to driving local development by transitioning the power structure from a top-down model to a network-based governance system centered on “civic power.” The objective is to analyze the attributes of active citizenship in a democracy, the principles of modern local public administration, and the process of sustainable integrated participation.

The findings reveal that genuine civic power transcends mere legal status or electoral voting; it manifests through collective civic responsibility, respect for human dignity, and active political oversight. This aligns with modern local governance, which must strictly adhere to the six principles of good governance: the rule of law, morality, transparency, participation, accountability, and value for money, thereby fostering public trust and mitigating corruption. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the significance of an “integrated participation process” involving the public, private, and civil society sectors through four core stages: joint planning, joint implementation, joint monitoring, and equitable benefit-sharing.

To ensure that development aligns with empirical realities, the article proposes a strategic framework of contextual analysis by assessing community capitals and challenges across five dimensions: physical and ecological, human resources, cultural, economic, and socio-political. The synthesized knowledge indicates that achieving sustainable local development in the 21st century requires the synergy of a conscious citizenry, transparent administration, and systematic multi-sectoral collaboration to genuinely address community needs.

Leadership Renaissance: The Four Bases of Power and Modern Leaders

PhraChaiya chayasaro — 2026-04-30

This academic article aimed to examine the problem of leadership development in the context of contemporary society, which was characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and rapid change. Prevailing leadership approaches had primarily emphasized external competencies and ideal moral principles but lacked a systematic framework that explained the “internal mechanisms of practical success.” Therefore, this article aimed to analyze the Four Bases of Success (Iddhipāda IV) as a Buddhist conceptual framework for leadership development and to synthesize its integration with modern management principles. This study employed documentary research by analyzing data from the Tipiṭaka, commentaries, and contemporary studies on leadership. It applied an integrative conceptual framework linking Iddhipāda IV with modern leadership theories, particularly in terms of intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and analytical thinking. The findings revealed that Iddhipāda IV comprising Chanda (aspiration), Viriya (perseverance), Citta (focused attention), and Vimamsa (analytical wisdom) could be interpreted as an internal mechanism for leadership development. These principles were found to align with key characteristics of modern leaders, including visionary commitment, diligence, responsibility, and wise decision-making. Moreover, they could be applied as a process-oriented tool that led to both effective performance and ethical outcomes. In conclusion, the integration of Iddhipāda IV with modern management concepts represented a systematic and practical framework for leadership development. It was applicable to contemporary organizational contexts and contributed to sustainable success.