Understanding Transformative Roles of Diasporas in Context of Conflict and Peace Processes

Main Article Content

Jularat Damrongviteetham

Abstract

          This article argues that diaspora can influence the conflict and peace processes in their homeland in the positive or negative ways. It will review relevant literature to foster an understanding of conflict-generated diasporas namely, those who are able to contribute to conflict and/or peace in their home countries. It will also explore how the concept of diaspora has been developed in the literature and how this impacts the status of diaspora in the peace and conflict field.

Article Details

Section
Academic Article

References

Abdile, M., & Pirkkalainen, P. (2009). The Diaspora - Conflict - Peace - Nexus: A literature Review (Working papers). DIASPEACE.

Adamson, F. B. (2016). The Growing Importance of Diaspora Politics. Current History. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from https://www.academia.edu/29396297/The_Growing_Importance_of_Diaspora_Politics

Anderson, B. R. O. (1992). Long-Distance Nationalism: World Capitalism and the Rise of Identity Politics. Presented at the The Wertheim Lecture, Centre for Asian Studies Amsterdam.

Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., & Tiffin, H. (1999). Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London & New York: Routledge.

Baser, B., & Swain, A. (2008). Diasporas as Peacemakers: Third Party Mediation in Homeland Conflicts. International Journal on World Peace, 25(3), 7–28.

Bercovitch, J. (2007). A neglected relationship: Diaspora and conflict resolution. In H. Smith & P. Stares (Eds.), Diasporas in conflict: Peace-makers or peace wreckers? (pp.17-38). United Nations University Press.

Berdal, M. (2005). Beyond Greed and Grievance - and not too soon. Review of International Studies, 31, 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210505006698

Berghof Foundation. (2012). Berghof Glossary on Conflict Transformation: 20 notions for theory and practice. Berlin: Berghof Foundation Operations GmbH.

Brubaker, R. (2005). The “diaspora” diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1), 1–19.

Bush, K. (2011). Diaspora Engagement in Peacebuilding: Empirical and Theoretical Challenges. In M. Pugh, N. Cooper, & M. Turner (Eds.), Whose Peace? Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding (pp. 193–207). New York: Palgrave McMillan.

Byman, D., Chalk, P., Hoffman, B., Rosenau, W., & Brannan, D. (2001). Diaspora Support for Insurgencies. In Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements (pp. 41–60). RAND Cooperation.

Cederman, L.-E., Gleditsch, K. S., Salehyan, I., & Wucherpfennig, J. (2013). Transborder Ethnic Kin and Civil War. International Organization, 67(2), 389–410.

Cheran, R., & Vimalarajah, L. (2010). Empowering Diasporas: The Dynamics of Post-war Transnational Tamil Diaspora.

Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 302–338.

Cohen, R. (2008). Global Diaspora: An Introduction (second). London & New York: Routledge.

Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 563–595. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf064

Crowther, J., Kavanagh, K., & Ashby, M. (Eds.). (1995). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (Fifth). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Demmers, J. (2002). Diaspora and Conflict: Locality, Long-Distance, Nationalism, and Delocalisation of Conflict Dymamics. The Public, 9(1), 85–96.

Democratic Progress Institute. (2014). Makers or Breakers of Peace: The Role of Diasporas in Conflict Resolution. Democratic Progress Institute.

Dupuy, K., & Rustad, S. A. (2018). Trends in Armed Conflict, 1946-2017 (Conflict Trends) (p. 4). Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Retrieved October 9, 2018 from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Dupuy%2C%20Rustad-%20Trends%20in%20Armed%20Conflict%2C%201946%E2%80%932017%2C%20Conflict%20Trends%205-2018.pdf

Fair, C. C. (2005). Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies: Insights from the Khalistan and Tamil Eelam Movements. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 11(1), 125–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537110590927845

Freitas, A. (2012). Diaspora Groups in Peace Processes: Lessons Learned and Potential for Engagement by the EU (Africa Briefing Report). Brussel: Observatoire de l’Afrique.

Fullenkamp, C. (2015, February 10). Do remittances drive economic growth? World Economic Forum. Retrieved October 13, 2018 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/02/do-remittances-drive-economic-growth/

Graber, A. (2018, May). The Role of the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Post-War Sri Lanka.

Hall, J. (2015). Diasporas and Civil War. In T. G. Jakobsen (Ed.), War: An Introduction to Theories and Research on Collective Violence (2nd ed., pp. 3–23). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Hall, S. (1990). Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In Jonathan Rutherford (Ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference (pp. 222–237). London: Lawrence & Wishart.

Hess, D., & Martin, B. (2006). Repression, backfire, and the theory of transformative events. Mobilization, 11(1), 249–267.

Horst, C. (2007). The Role of Diaspora in Civil War. Presented at the CSCW workshop on the Transnational Facts of Civil War, Oslo: PRIO.

Human Rights Watch. (n.d.). Funding the “Final War” LTTE Intimidation and Extortion in the Tamil Diaspora (No. Volume 18, No. 1(C)) (p. 50). Canada and United Kingdom. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/ltte0306/ltte0306webwcover.pdf

International Crisis Group. (2010). The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE (No. Asia Report No.186). International Crisis Group.

Kaldor, M. (2013). In Defence of New Wars. Stability, 2(1), 16. Retrieved October 11, 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.at

Karasik, T., & Benard, C. (2004). Muslim Diasporas and Networks. In The Muslim World After 9/11. RAND Cooperation.

Kleist, N. (2008). In the Name of Diaspora: Between Struggles for Recognition and Political Aspirations. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(7), 1127–1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802230448

Koinova, M. (2011). Diaspora and Secessionist Conflicts: The Mobilization of the Armenian, Albanian and Chechen Diasporas. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(2), 333–356.

Levitt, P. (1998). Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion. The International Migration Review, 32(4), 926–948.

Levitt, P., & Lamba-Nieves, D. (2011). Social Remittances Revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2011.521361

Lyons, T. (2004, April). Engaging Diasporas to Promote Conflict Resolution: Transforming Hawks into Doves. Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University. Retrieved September 14, 2018 from http://www.tamilnation.co/conflictresolution/lyons.pdf

Markley, E. (2011). Social Remittances and Social Capital: Values and Practices of Transnational Social Space. Quality of Life, 22, 365–378.

Miss Bach, A. (2009). The Acehnese Diaspora: Hawks and Doves? Journal of Human Security, 5(3), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.3316/JHS0503022

Orjuela, C. (2008). Distant Warriors, Distant Peace Workers? Multiple Diaspora Role in Sri Lanka’s Violent Conflict. Global Networks, 8(4), 436–452.

Orjuela, C. (2018). Mobilising Diasporas for Justice. Opportunity Structures and the Presencing of a Violent Past. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(8), 1357–1373. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1354163

Ostergaard-Nielsen, E. (2005, December). Diasporas and Conflict Resolution - Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution? Presented at the Seminar on Diaspora and Conflict, Peace Builders or Peace Wreckers? Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS).

Pheiffer, C. F. (2013). The Role of Remittances in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: the case of Liberia. In D. Rodima-Taylor (Ed.), Remittance Flows to Post-Conflict States: Perspectives on Human Security and Development (pp. 71–87). Boston: The Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future, Boston University. Retrieved October 13, 2018 from http://www.bu.edu/pardee/files/2013/10/Pardee-CFLP-Remittances-TF-Report.pdf

Phillips, M. (2016, September 12). Are refugee and migrant diasporas the missing piece of the development puzzle? www.theconversation.com. Retrieved September 4, 2018 from http://theconversation.com/are-refugee-and-migrant-diasporas-the-missing-piece-of-the-development-puzzle-63724

Public International Law & Policy Group. (2009). Engaging Diaspora Communities in Peace Processes (Assessment report and Program Strategy). Public International Law & Policy Group.

Regan, P. M., & Frank, R. W. (2014). Migrant Remittances and the Onset of Civil War. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 31(5), 502–520.

Safran, W. (1991). Diaspora in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 1(1), 83–99.

Shain, Y., & Barth, A. (2003). Diasporas and International Relations Theory. International Organization, 57(3), 449–479.

Sheffer, G. (2003). Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shuval, J. T. (2000). Diaspora Migration: Definitional Ambiguities and a Theoretical Paradigm. International Migration, 38(5), 41–57.

Smith, H. (2007). Diaspora in International Conflict. In H. Smith & P. Stares (Eds.), Diasporas in Conflict: Peace-makers or Peace-wreckers? (pp. 3–16). Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nations University Press.

Social Science Research Council. (2009). Topic 4 - Formal vs. Informal Remittances. Brooklyn, New York. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from https://www.ssrc.org/publications/view/4297524A-B74F-DE11-AFAC-001CC477EC70/

The Economist. (2003). A world of exiles. (Special Report). Retrieved October 5, 2018, from https://www.economist.com/special-report/2003/01/02/a-world-of-exiles

The World Bank. (2018). Migration and Remittances Data. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data

Tololyan, K. (2012, April). Diaspora Studies: Past, present and promise. Working papers, paper 55 presented at the Oxford Diaspora Programme, The International Migration Institute (IMI), Oxford University. Retrieved September 10, 2018 from http://www.migration.ox.ac.uk/odp/pdfs/WP55%20Diaspora%20studies.pdf

Turner, M. (2011). Three Discourses on Diaspora and Peacebuilding. In M. Pugh, N. Cooper, & M. Turner (Eds.), Whose Peace? Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding (pp. 175–192). New York: Palgrave McMillan.

Vertovec, S. (2005). The Political Importance of Diasporas (Feature). migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved October 12, 2018 from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/refugee-diasporas-remittances-development-and-conflict

Wahlbeck, O. (2002). The Concept of Diaspora as an Analytical Tool in the Study of Refugee Communities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(2), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830220124305

Zunzer, W. (2004). Diaspora Communities and Civil Conflict Transformation. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management.