Role of National Human Rights Institution: The Case of National Human Commission in Bangladesh and Komnas HAM in Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
A national human rights institution (NHRI, hereafter) is an official State institution established by law to protect, promote, monitor, and fulfil the human rights of the people. Contrary to other national institutions, NHRIs are accredited with an internationally accepted quality label, on the basis of their compliance with the Paris Principles. The purpose of this study is to examine how did it work in Bangladesh and Indonesia, and to what extent did it face difficulties in compliance with international standard. In this study, the researcher adopted a qualitative form of research due to the nature of the study. Data were collected mainly through various secondary documents, and interviews with different stakeholders. This study found that government supporters or like-minded people became commission members. In addition, NHRI failed to respond to the human rights violation, and lack of institutional infrastructure. After many years, the national institution failed to establish guidelines in accordance with the Paris Principles.
Article Details
References
Ahdanisa, D. S., & Rothman, S. B. (2021). Revisiting International Human Rights Treaties: Comparing Asian and Western Efforts to Improve Human Rights. SN Social Sciences, 1(16), 1-41. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00018-0
Ain o Salish Kendra. (2018). National Human Rights Commission Bangladesh: Existing Challenges and Expectations of Civil Society, ASK: Dhaka.
Amnesty International. (2019). Bangladesh: Alleged Extrajudicial Killings in The Guise of A ‘War on Drugs. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2019/11/bangladesh-killed-in-crossfire/>
Arliman, L. (2017). KOMNAS HAM Sebagai State Auxialiary Bodies Di Dalam Penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia Di Indonesia. Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum, 2(1), 54-66. Retrieved from https://jurnal.fh.unpad.ac.id/index.php/jbmh/article/view/91
Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. (2005). A Manual on National Human Rights Institutions. Sydney: APF.
Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is Qualitative in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7
Baškarada, S. (2014). Qualitative Case Study Guidelines. The Qualitative Report, 19(40), 1-25. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=tqr
Beco, G., & Murray, R. (2014). A Commentary on the Paris Principles on National Human Rights Institutions, pp. 3-19, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cousin, G. (2005). Case Study Research. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 29(3), 421–427. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/03098260500290967
Epa, K. (2021). Widodo Criticized for Rights Violations in Indonesia. UCA News. Retrieved from https://www.ucanews.com/news/widodo-criticized-for-rights-violations-in-indonesia/94647>
European Network of National Human Rights Institutions (ENNHRI). (2024). About National Human Rights Institutions. Retrieved from https://ennhri.org/about-nhris/#:~:text=NHRIs%20are%20unique%20as%20they,with%20the%20UN%20Paris%20Principles
Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI). (2023). History of GANHRI. Retrieved from https://ganhri.org/history-of-ganhri-and-nhris/
Haque. M. T., & Monami. S., A. (2017). Effectiveness of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of Bangladesh: Institutional and Political Dimensions.
Kamal, S. (2023). The National Human Rights Commission Has Fundamental Flaws. The Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/the-national-human-rights-commission-has-fundamental-flaws-3490231>
Khan, M. (2019). How Independent and Effective Is The NHRC? Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/cover-story/human-rights-how-independent-and-effective-the-nhrc-1769992>
KOMNAS HAM. (2023). Tantangan Komnas HAM Dalam Praktik Pengadilan HAM Di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/news/2023/12/13/2464/tantangan-komnas-ham-dalam-praktik-pengadilan-ham-di-indonesia.html
KOMNAS HAM. (2022). Sederet Tantangan Bagi Calon Anggota Komnas HAM RI. Retrieved from https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/news/2022/2/23/2085/sederet-tantangan-bagi-calon-anggota-komnas-ham-ri.html
Lindsnaes, B., & Lindholt, L. (2001). National Human Rights Institution: Standard Setting and Achievement. Copenhagen: Danish Centre for Human Rights.
National Human Rights Commission in Bangladesh. (2024). Establishment of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRCB). Retrieved from https://nhrc.org.bd/site/page/1c65dfa1-f9c2-48e9-a66b-eab8de75d9b1/-
National Human Rights Commission in Bangladesh. (2020). Establishment Of the National Human Rights Commission. Retrieved from http://www.nhrc.org.bd/site/page/1c65dfa1-f9c2-48e9-a66b-eab8de75d9b1/Introduce>
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2022). Input for the Report of OHCHR on Human Rights and Transitional Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/NHRC_Bangladesh.pdf
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2013). International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for The Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Report and Recommendations of the Session of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/NHRI/GANHRI/Report_May_2013-Consolidated-English.pdf
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2010). National Human Rights Institutions History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities. United Nations, New York and Geneva.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (1993a). Principles Relating to The Status of National Institutions (The Paris Principles). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/principles-relating-status-national-institutions-paris>
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (1993b). Fact Sheet No.19, National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/FactSheet19en.pdf
Patra, R. (2012). Penguatan Eksistensi Kelembagaan Komnas HAM dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia, Masalah-Masalah Hukum, [S.l.], p. 209-217 ISSN 2527-4716. Retrieved from https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/mmh/article/view/5749
Rahman, S. A. (2022). No Extrajudicial Killings, Enforced Disappearances in Bangladesh, Bachelet Is Told. Voice of America (VOA). Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/no-extrajudicial-killing-enforced-disappearance-in-bangladesh-bachelet-is-told-/6704801.html
Saha, P. S. (2023). National Human Rights Commission Remains in Category B Since 2011. Retrieved from https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ptl230xoi6
Setiawan, K. M. P. (2012). Promoting Human Rights: National Human Rights Commissions in Indonesia and Malaysia, Leiden University. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/23393777/Promoting_Human_Rights_National_Human_Rights_Commissions_in_Indonesia_and_Malaysia
The Indonesian National Human Rights Commission. (2013). Indonesia’s Compliance with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Retrieved from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/IDN/INT_CCPR_IFN_IDN_14340_E.pdf>
Thomas, G. (2011). A Typology for the Case Study in Social Science Following a Review of Definition, Discourse, and Structure. Qualitative Inquiry. 17(6), 511-521. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258182057_A_Typology_for_the_Case_Study_in_Social_Science_Following_a_Review_of_Definition_Discourse_and_Structure
United Nations. (2010). National Human Rights Institutions History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities. Geneva: United Nations Publication.
United Nations. (1993). Fact Sheet No.19, National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. UN, Geneva. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/FactSheet19en.pdf>
United Nations. (1945). United Nations Charter, Chapter I: Purposes and Principles. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-1