The Challenges of Political Rights in Thailand during 2019–2025
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Abstract
Political rights aim to guarantee and protect citizens’ participation in political processes in accordance with democratic principles. They constitute a fundamental element of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which Thailand has implemented for more than 28 years (1997–2025). However, between 2019 and 2025, Thailand held two general elections following the 2014 military coup, a period that holds significant implications for the study of political rights in the country. This article has two objectives: 1) to examine the situation and analyze the challenges concerning political rights in Thailand based on Freedom in the World Annual Report of Freedom House during 2019–2025, and 2) to propose recommendations for promoting political rights in Thailand.
The findings reveal that political rights in Thailand are facing substantial challenges. No clear indicators demonstrate improvement, and existing indicators even show a declining trend. These challenges can be categorized into three dimensions: electoral processes, political pluralism and participation, and the functioning of government institutions. In light of these challenges, the study proposes 3 recommendations in line with state obligations under the ICCPR: 1) amending the 2017 Constitution and enhancing the quality of electoral management 2) revising the 2017 Organic Act on Political Parties, and 3) addressing corruption. These recommendations aim to reduce existing challenges and contribute to strengthening the quality of political rights in Thailand.
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