BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE OF THE PHRA MAHATHAT CHEDI NAKHON SI THAMMARAT PAGODA

Abstract

This research aims to study the religious influences that contributed to the construction and architectural development of Buddhist monuments in Southern Thailand. The objectives of the study are: (1) to investigate the historical evolution of Phra Borommathat Chedi under different religious influences; (2) to analyze architectural elements that reflect religious beliefs and doctrines; (3) to examine the role of the chedi in disseminating and preserving Buddhism in the southern region; and (4) to assess the cultural and spiritual significance of the chedi to local communities, particularly Phra Borommathat Chedi at Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. This study employed a qualitative research approach using a multi-method design, including documentary study, field survey, and in-depth interviews. The key informants consisted of 15 participants: experts in art history, resident monks, and local community leaders. Research instruments included a structured observation form and a semi-structured interview guide, both validated by three experts, yielding a high Content Validity Index (CVI). Data were analyzed through content analysis and thematic analysis, with data trustworthiness verified according to the criteria of Lincoln and Guba.

The findings revealed that: (1) Phra Borommathat Chedi demonstrates a continuous historical development from the Srivijaya and Nakhon Si Thammarat periods to the Rattanakosin era, reflecting a synthesis of Mahāyāna, Theravāda, and Brahman–Hindu influences; (2) its architectural components—such as the octagonal base, bell-shaped stupa, and spire—embody essential Buddhist principles including the Noble Eightfold Path, the Dhammacakka, and the Triple Gem; and (3) the chedi has functioned as a religious and cultural center for Southern Thailand, serving as a medium for the transmission of the Dhamma and for sustaining community faith through rituals, education, and pilgrimage. It can be concluded that Phra Borommathat Chedi is not merely an ancient monument but a profound spiritual symbol that continues to shape the cultural and spiritual identity of the people of Nakhon Si Thammarat.