The Influence of Cash Flows on Cash Holdings and Audit Fees: A Case Study of Companies Listed on the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI)

Authors

  • Patinya Sumsa Lite Tax Pro Co., Ltd.
  • Aujjana Prachayakul Rajabhat Rajanagarindra University
  • Siriwan Chawalitmetha Rajabhat Rajanagarindra University

Keywords:

Cash Flow from Operating Activities, Cash Flow from Investing Activities, Cash Flow from Financing Activities, audit fees, Cash Holding

Abstract

This study aimed 1) to examine the relationships among cash flows, cash holdings, and audit fees, and
2) to investigate the influence of cash flows, cash holdings, and audit fees. This quantitative research utilized data from 119 companies listed on the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI) during 2020–2022. The statistical methods employed included Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that 1) audit fees were positively and significantly related to cash flows from investing activities (r = 0.247, p < 0.01), while no significant relationships were found with cash flows from operating activities (r = –0.028, p > 0.05), cash flows from financing activities (r = –0.161, p > 0.05),
or cash holdings (r = 0.013, p > 0.05); and 2) cash flows from investing and financing activities influenced cash holdings and audit fees, whereas cash flows from operating activities and cash holdings had no influence on audit fees. These findings indicate that cash flows from investing activities are the only factor significantly associated with audit fees. Additionally, cash flows from investing and financing activities were found to influence cash holdings, highlighting the important role of investment complexity and capital structure in shaping both a firm’s liquidity and its audit-related costs.

References

Abdel-Wanis, E. (2019). The impact of corporate governance mechanisms on the relationship between cash holdings and audit fees in Egyptian listed companies. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 9(2), 314 - 334. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v9i2.14742

Abuzayed, B. (2012). Working capital management and firms’ performance in emerging markets: The case of Jordan. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 8(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1108/17439131211216620

Afiezan, A., Wijaya, G., Priscilia, P., & Claudia, C. (2020). The effect of free cash flow, company size, profitability and liquidity on debt policy for manufacturing companies listed on IDX in 2016-2019 periods. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 3(4), 4005-4018. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i4.1502

Ahmed, A. M., Nugraha, D. P., & Hágen, I. (2023). The relationship between capital structure and firm performance: the moderating role of agency cost. Risks, 11(6), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11060102

Alnori, F. S. (2024). Corporate investment, financial structure and debt maturity: New evidence from Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 14(5), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.16691

Alruwaili, T. F., Al-Matari, E. M., Mgammal, M. H., & Alnor, N. H. A. (2024). The Influence of ownership structure on corporation performance: evidence from Saudi Listed Corporations. Corporate and Business Strategy Review, 5(1), 450-462. https://doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv5i1siart18

Ardianto, A., & Sulaiman, N. A. (2024). Corporate cash holdings and investment efficiency: Do women directors and financial crisis matter?. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(7), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17070311

Bates, T. W., Kahle, K. M., & Stulz, R. M. (2009). Why do U.S. firms hold so much more cash than they used to?. Journal of Finance, 64(5), 1985–2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01492.x

Bhuiyan, M. B. U., Salma, U., Roudaki, J., & Tavite, S. (2020). Financial reporting quality, audit fees and risk committees. Asian Review of Accounting, 28(3), 423–444. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-01-2019-0017

Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS (3rd Edition.). Routledge. New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421

Carvalho, F. L. D., & Kalatzis, A. E. G. (2018). Earnings quality, investment decisions, and financial constraint. Review of Business Management, 20(4), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3067

Chang, C.-C., Kao, L.H., & Chen, H.-Y. (2018). How does real earnings management affect the value of cash holdings? Comparisons between information and agency perspectives. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 51, 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2018.06.001

Chen, H., Xing, L., & Zhou, H. (2020). Product market competition and audit fees: evidence from an emerging market. Asian Review of Accounting, 28(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-08-2019-0146

Chen, X., Sun, Y., & Xu, X. (2016). Free cash flow, over-investment and corporate governance in China. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 37, 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2015.06.003

Daryaei, A. A., Askarany, D., & Fattahi, Y. (2024). Impact of audit fees on earnings management and financial risk: An analysis of corporate finance practices. Risks, 12(8), 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12080123

Diaw, A. (2021). Corporate cash holdings in emerging markets. Borsa Istanbul Review, 21(2), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2020.09.005

Dipoatmodjo, T. S. P. (2024). Cash Flow Statement Analysis as a Decision-Making Tool in Financial Management: (A Case Study of PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur). International Journal of Humanity Advance, Business & Sciences (IJHABS), 2(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.59971/ijhabs.v2i1.306

Fijabi, K., Bello, I., Lasisi, R., & Akenroye, C. (2023). Cash flow effect and financial performance of quoted oil and gas sector 2013–2022: Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 15(3), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAT2023.0573

Ghafourian, A., Mahdavipour, A., Jahanshiri, R., & Baghdar, A. T. (2020). Investment efficiency and audit fee from the perspective of the role of financial distress. European Research Studies Journal, 23(1), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1552

Gull, A. A., Atif, M., & Usman, M. (2024). Informal institutions and audit pricing: Cross-country evidence of national culture and audit fees. The International Journal of Accounting, 59(2), 2450008. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1094406024500082

Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd Edition.). SAGE Publications.

Hassan, Y., & Naser, K. (2013). Determinants of audit fees: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Business Research, 6(8), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v6n8p13

Hendayana, Y., Ramdhany, M. A., Pranowo, A. S., Rachmat, R. A. H., & Herdiana, E. (2024). Exploring the impact of profitability, leverage and capital intensity on avoidance of tax, moderated by size of firm in LQ45 companies. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2371062. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2371062

Ihsan, A., & Haryono, S. (2021). Pengaruh free cash flow, profitability, dan audit quality terhadap earnings management perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia. Journal Penelitian Ekonomi dan Akuntansi (JPENSI), 6(1), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.30736/.v6i1.629

Jung, C., & Graf-Vlachy, L. (2024). Coming full circle on cash holdings and firm value: A comment on Kim and Bettis (2014), Theissen et al., (2023), and Souder et al., (2024). Journal of Management Scientific Reports, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/27550311241308263

Kaawaase, T. K., Nairuba, C., Akankunda, B., & Bananuka, J. (2021). Corporate governance, internal audit quality and financial reporting quality of financial institutions. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 6(3), 348–366. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-11-2020-0117

Kayakus, M., Tutcu, B., Terzioglu, M., Talaş, H., & Uyar, G. F. Ü. (2023). ROA and ROE forecasting in iron and steel industry using machine learning techniques for sustainable profitability. Sustainability, 15(9), 7389. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097389

Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (5th Edition). Guilford Press. New York

Maghakyan, A., Jarva, H., Niemi, L., & Sihvonen, J. (2025). The effect of audit partner digitalization expertise on audit fees. European Accounting Review, 34(2), 519–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2023.2298433

Manoel, A. A. S., Moraes, M. B. D. C., Toledo, E. P. D., & Pündrich, G. P. (2025). Audit quality and the market value of cash: The role played by the Big-4 auditor in Latin America. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-025-01409-1

Molla, M. I., Islam, M. S., & Rahaman, M. K. B. (2023). Corporate governance structure and bank performance: evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(3), 730-746. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-05-2021-0083

Nathania, E., Putera, S., Farhana, S., & Wijantini, W. (2019). The effect of free cash flow on asset utilization with ownership structures as moderating variables. Journal Akuntansi dan Auditing, 16(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.14710/jaa.16.2.1-17

Owusu, G. M. Y., & Bekoe, R. (2019). Determinants of audit fees: The perception of external auditors. Journal of Research in Emerging Markets, 1(4), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.30585/jrems.v1i4.368

Purnawarman, A., & Handayati, P. (2021). The effect of free cash flow (FCF) on agency cost and financial performance in financial sector companies registered in Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) 2015–2016. Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Pendidikan, 1(4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.17977/um066v1i42021p305-312

Rasaei, I., & Mousavi Shiri, M. (2020). The relationship between management ability and audit fees by considering firm credit and auditor’s dependency during financial crises. The Iranian Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 4(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.22067/ijaaf.2020.39256

Sitanggang, R.P., Karbhari, Y., Matemilola, B.T. & Ariff, M. (2020). Audit quality and real earnings management: evidence from the UK manufacturing sector. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 16(2), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-03-2018-0095

The Stock Exchange of Thailand. (2023). M.A.I. Market Operations Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.set.or.th/th/market/statistics/market-statistics/main

Tran, N. H., & Le, C. D. (2017). Financial conditions and corporate investment: evidence from Vietnam. Pacific Accounting Review, 29(2), 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-07-2016-0066

Wang, Y., Ji, Y., Chen, X., & Song, C. (2014). Inflation, operating cycle, and cash holdings. China Journal of Accounting Research, 7(4). 263-276 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2013.07.001

Yilmaz, I., & Samour, A. (2024). The effect of cash holdings on financial performance: Evidence from Middle Eastern and North African countries. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17020053

Zehri, F. (2025). Ownership structure, board characteristics, and audit quality demand: Evidence from Saudi-listed companies. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 12(5), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2025.05.015

Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhou, S., & He, Y. (2020). Corporate cash holdings and financial constraints: An analysis based on data on China at company level after the global financial crisis. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56(7), 1490–1503. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1603105

Zheng, X., & Wang, Z. (2025). Impact of audit fee on financial reporting quality: Evidence from listed companies in China. Engineering Economics, 36(4), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.36.4.26107

PDF

Downloads

Published

2026-04-30

How to Cite

Sumsa, P. ., Prachayakul, A., & Chawalitmetha, S. (2026). The Influence of Cash Flows on Cash Holdings and Audit Fees: A Case Study of Companies Listed on the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI). Journal for Strategy and Enterprise Competitiveness, 5(13), 245–266. retrieved from https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/STECOJournal/article/view/8425

Issue

Section

Research Article