Developing A Functional Exercise Program to Improve Shoulder Stiffness in Middle-Aged Women
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background and Aim: Shoulder stiffness affects approximately one-third of the population. Notably, frozen shoulder impacts 8.20% of Chinese adults, with women aged 40-60 showing a higher risk due to hormonal factors. The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a functional exercise program to improve shoulder stiffness in middle-aged women. (2) Compare the effects of the exercise program between the experimental and control groups. (3) Compare the effects of the exercise program within the experimental group between the pretest, midtest, and posttest.
Materials and Methods: This study was quasi-experimental, with thirty middle-aged women divided into two groups based on their shoulder stiffness, 15 in each. The experimental group participated in the functional exercise program, whereas the control group received regular training. The data-gathering process comprised pretests, midtests, and posttests to examine the joint range of shoulder motion, the visual numeric pain scale, and the FMS shoulder flexibility test. The data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation, percentage, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA repeated measurement, and paired post hoc with Bonferroni (*p<.05).
Results: The results found that (1) the functional exercise program demonstrated strong content validity (IOC=0.92-1.00) with appropriate exercise drill design, intensity parameters, and recovery periods based on tryout results. (2) The experimental group showed significantly lower pain scores (VAS) and better FMS shoulder flexibility test performance compared to controls (*p<.05), though joint range of motion was comparable between groups. (3) Within the experimental group, significant improvements occurred in range of motion, pain scale scores, and shoulder flexibility across all testing phases (*p<.05), confirming intervention effectiveness through notable pairwise comparisons.
Conclusion: The functional exercise program significantly improved shoulder stiffness, pain levels, and flexibility in middle-aged women. Participants in the experimental group demonstrated notable enhancements in joint range of motion and reduced pain scores compared to the control group. These findings support the program's effectiveness as a targeted intervention for managing shoulder stiffness and enhancing overall shoulder function.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright on any article in the International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews is retained by the author(s) under the under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Permission to use text, content, images, etc. of publication. Any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose. But do not use it for commercial use or with the intent to benefit any business.
References
Abudula, X., Maimaiti, P., Yasheng, A., Shu, J., Tuerxun, A., Abudujilili, H., & Yang, R. (2024). Risk factors and clinical characteristics of frozen shoulder: A retrospective study of 1205 cases in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 29(1), 172–179.
Aldon-Villegas, M., Martinez, P., & Thompson, S. (2021). Quantifying pain reduction in shoulder rehabilitation protocols using the Visual Numeric Pain Scale. International Journal of Pain Management, 17(2), 82–97.
Ardern, C. L., Büttner, F., Andrade, R., Weir, A., Ashe, M. C., Holden, S., ... & Mathieson, S. (2021). Implementing the 27 PRISMA 2020 Statement items for systematic reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(4), 175–195.
Bonazza, N. A., Smuin, D., Onks, C. A., Silvis, M. L., & Dhawan, A. (2017). Reliability, validity, and injury predictive value of the functional movement screen: A systematic review. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(3), 725–732.
Chen, L., Wu, F., Tan, H., Zhang, X., & Liu, J. (2018). Efficacy of triamcinolone and hyaluronic acid with manipulation in frozen shoulder. Medicine, 97(46), e13317.
Chen, X., Wang, S., Zhou, Y., Yuan, C., Wu, A., & Tang, X. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of frozen shoulder in China. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0245475.
Cook, G. (2010). Movement: Functional movement systems: Screening, assessment, and corrective strategies. On Target Publications.
Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2014). Functional movement screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function—Part 1. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9(3), 396–409.
Cook, G., Burton, L., Hoogenboom, B. J., & Voight, M. (2016). Functional movement screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 11(3), 396–409.
Cools, A. M., De Wilde, L., Van Tongel, A., Ceyssens, C., Ryckewaert, R., & Cambier, D. C. (2020). Measuring shoulder external and internal rotation strength and range of motion: Comprehensive intra-rater and inter-rater reliability study of several testing protocols. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 29(5), 1073–1084.
Creech, J. A., & Silver, S. (2023). Current concepts in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis. Journal of Hand Therapy, 36(1), 10–19.
Dong, W., Goost, H., Lin, X. B., Burger, C., Paul, C., Wang, Z. L., ... & Kabir, K. (2018). Treatments for shoulder impingement syndrome: A network meta-analysis. Medicine, 97(34), e11846.
Eshoj, H., Rasmussen, S., Frich, L. H., Hvass, I., Christensen, R., Jensen, S. L., ... & Juul-Kristensen, B. (2021). Neuromuscular exercises improve shoulder function. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(1), 2325967120972335.
García-Parra, P., Tomás, J. M., Camacho-Miñano, M. J., & Paredes, S. (2019). Validation of digital VAS for shoulder pain in middle-aged women. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(6), 768.
Haik, M. N. (2020). Shoulder rehabilitation: An integrative approach to frozen shoulder. Journal of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation, 30(4), 245–252.
Hanratty, C. E., McVeigh, J. G., Kerr, D. P., Basford, J. R., Finch, M. B., Pendleton, A., & Sim, J. (2022). The effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions for shoulder pain. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(2), 150–158.
Hsiao, M. S., Cameron, K. L., Tucker, C. J., Benigni, M., & Blaine, T. A. (2015). Epidemiology of shoulder impingement in U.S. cadets. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(11), 2808–2817.
Karcioglu, O., Topacoglu, H., Dikme, O., & Dikme, O. (2018). A systematic review of the pain scales in adults. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 36(4), 707–714.
Kibler, W. B., & McMullen, J. (2019). Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 27(17), 619–629. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00532
Kim, S. H., Kim, H. K., Kim, Y. S., Lee, S. U., & Jung, S. H. (2021). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in adhesive capsulitis. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 100(3), 214–221.
Lewis, J. (2015). Frozen shoulder syndrome: Aetiology, diagnosis and management. Manual Therapy, 20(1), 2–9.
Li, X., Zhang, L., Gu, S., Sun, J., & Qin, Z. (2018). Comparative effectiveness of multiple treatments for plantar fasciitis. Medicine, 97(43), e12819.
Lin, H. T., & Yang, J. L. (2018). Reliability and validity of shoulder tightness measurement. Manual Therapy, 25, 56–63.
Littlewood, C., Bateman, M., Brown, K., ... & Walters, S. J. (2019). A self-managed single exercise program for rotator cuff tendinopathy. Clinical Rehabilitation, 33(6), 1022–1034.
Manoso-Hernando, R. (2024). FMS is a shoulder flexibility assessment tool. Journal of Movement Science and Therapy, 28(1), 41–58.
Mantilla, S. C., Peña, C. A., & Moreno, G. G. (2023). Comparison of Shoulder Range of Motion by Traditional and Semi-Automatic Methods. Journal of Advances in Information Technology, 14(4), 749–757.
Marchi, J. P., Berg, M., Seo, J. A., Arokoski, J. P., & Ylinen, J. (2020). Effects of aging on shoulder joint properties. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(4), 156–164.
Meems, M., Truijens, S. E., Spek, V., Visser, L. H., & Pop, V. J. (2019). Carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms in pregnancy. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 126(12), 1407–1413.
Page, M. J., & Labbe, A. (2021). Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Evidence-based management. BMJ, 372, n292. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n292
Park, K. D., Nam, H. S., Kim, T. K., & Kim, D. S. (2020). Ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection with or without capsular distension for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(10), 2437–2443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520933935
Pieters, L., Lewis, J., Kuppens, K., ... & Struyf, F. (2020). Systematic reviews of conservative therapy for subacromial pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 50(3), 131–141.
Razmjou, H., Robarts, S., Kennedy, D., McKnight, C., & Macritchie, I. (2016). Evaluating functional shoulder outcome measures: A comparison of five questionnaires. Shoulder & Elbow, 8(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573215598913
Rodríguez-García, S. C., Castellanos-Moreira, R., ... Y Naredo, E. (2021). Ultrasound-guided PRP vs HA for hip osteoarthritis. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(1), 125–133.
Saini, S., Bhagat, G., & Palekar, T. (2022). Pune shoulder rehabilitation for frozen shoulder: RCT. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 29, 98–104.
Shikh, G., Samborskiy, N., Trushina, E., Galushko, E., Lila, A., & Nasonov, E. (2020). Collagen remodeling in shoulder capsule: Analysis of load thresholds and rehabilitative implications for adhesive capsulitis. Rheumatology International, 40(4), 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04522-7
Smith, T. O., Chester, R., et al. (2023). Visual analogue pain measurement in shoulder rehabilitation. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 31(1), 35–44.
Struyf, F., Geraets, J., Noten, S., Meeus, M., & Nijs, J. (2021). Predicting chronification of non-traumatic shoulder pain. Pain Physician, 24(2), 99–117.
Thompson, T. D., Smith, A. B., & Jones, C. R. (2023). Improving shoulder mobility through functional exercise programs: A longitudinal intervention study. Journal of Physical Rehabilitation, 45(3), 217–229
Vincent, K., Tracey, I., & Choy, E. (2017). Musculoskeletal pain and reproductive hormones. Clinical Journal of Pain, 33(12), 1045–1055.
Virta, L., Joranger, P., Brox, J. I., & Eriksson, R. (2020). Costs of shoulder pain in Swedish primary care. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21(1), 289.
Wang, W., Shi, M., Zhou, C., & Zhao, Y. (2021). Corticosteroid injections for adhesive capsulitis. Medicine, 96(28), e7529.
Wang, Y., Lu, H., Zhao, Z., Zou, K., Lu, J., & Liu, Y. (2022). Frozen shoulder prevalence in China. Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics, 42(3), 156–164.
Zavala-González, M. (2018). Effectiveness of functional exercise programs on shoulder joint mobility: A controlled trial. [Unpublished manuscript].
Zhang, X., & Sun, W. (2020). Healthy China 2030: Rehabilitation medicine opportunities. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(1), 1–5.
